{"ID":63191,"name":"Glasser v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1940-1955\/30","view_count":0,"docket_number":"30","additional_docket_numbers":["31","32"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Daniel D. Glasser, Norton I. Kretske, and Alfred E. Roth","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[-906832800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54610"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[-887824800,-887738400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54611"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-882036000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/54612"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EPetitioners Daniel D. Glasser, Norton I. Kretske, and Alfred E. Roth were Assistant United States Attorneys in the Northern District of Illinois, specializing in liquor and revenue offenses. They, along with Anthony Horton, a professional bondsman, and Louis Kaplan, an automobile allegedly engaged in illicit alcohol trafficking around Chicago, were found guilty and sentenced for conspiracy to defraud the United States and conspiracy to bribery.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a joint trial, Glasser was represented by William Scott Stewart and George Callaghan. Kretske was originally represented by the firm \u201cHarrington \u0026amp; McDonnell, but Kretske was dissatisfied with the firm, and the trial judge proposed appointing Stewart to represent Kretske (in addition to Glasser, whom Stewart was already representing). Glasser objected to the appointment, arguing (through Stewart) that that there would be a conflict of interest in representing both defendants. The judge appointed Stewart to represent Kretske over Glasser\u2019s objection.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA jury of 11 men and one woman convicted all five defendants of conspiracy to defraud the United States, and the judge denied the defendants\u2019 motion for a new trial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Seventh Circuit affirmed the convictions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Does a criminal defense lawyer\u2019s conflict of interest arising from simultaneous representation of co-defendants violate the Sixth Amendment guarantee of assistance of counsel?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Does the exclusion of women from the jury pool violate the Sixth Amendment guarantee of an impartial jury consisting of a fair cross-section of the community?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003E1. A defense lawyer\u2019s conflict of interest arising from a simultaneous representation of co-defendants violates the Sixth Amendment guarantee of assistance of counsel.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. The exclusion of women (other than members of the League of Women Voters who had taken a jury training class) from the jury pool violates the Sixth Amendment guarantee of an impartial jury consisting of a fair cross-section of the community.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an opinion by Justice Frank Murphy, the Court reversed the conviction of Glasser (No. 30) and affirmed the convictions of the other two defendants (Nos. 31 and 32). The assistance of counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment requires that such assistance be \u201cuntrammeled and unimpaired\u201d by a court order appointing one lawyer to represent multiple defendants, despite conflicting interests. Not only did Stewart have conflicting interests, but those conflicts prejudiced Glasser. The Court declined to calculate exactly the degree of prejudice to Glasser by the conflict of interest but described such a calculus as \u201cat once difficult and unnecessary.\u201d The Court concluded that neither Kretske and Rother were prejudiced, so it declined to reverse their convictions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court further held that in the selection of federal juries, the understandable desire for competent jurors should not lead to the result of a jury that is not a fair cross-section of the community. Thus, the exclusion of women, except those members of the League of Women Voters who had taken a jury training class, violated the defendants\u2019 Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury consisting of a fair cross-section of the community.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Felix Frankfurter filed a dissenting opinion in which Chief Justice Harlan Stone joined. Frankfurter argued that Glasser, by remaining silent, had acquiesced to the appointment and waived his right to appeal by not objecting. Moreover, he argued that the joint representation benefited Glasser.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Robert Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":26665,"name":"Homer Cummings","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/homer_cummings","view_count":0,"last_name":"Cummings","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"homer_cummings"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner in No. 30","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22782"},{"advocate":{"ID":40509,"name":"Ralph M. 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