{"ID":62531,"name":"Dennis v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1940-1955\/341us494","view_count":0,"docket_number":"336","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Eugene Dennis, John B. Williamson, Jacob Stachel, et al.","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-602013600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53221"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-586292400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53222"}],"lower_court":{"ID":7,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/7"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1948, eleven Communist Party leaders were convicted of advocating the violent overthrow of the US government and for the violation of several points of the Smith Act. The Act made it unlawful to knowingly conspire to teach and advocate the overthrow or destruction of the United States government. The party members who had been petitioning for socialist reforms claimed that the Act violated their First Amendment rights. Party leaders were found guilty and lower courts upheld the conviction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Smith Act violate the First Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a 6-to-2 decision, the Court upheld the convictions of the Communist Party leaders and found that the Smith Act did not \u0022inherently\u0022 violate the First Amendment. In the plurality opinion, the Court held that there was a distinction between the mere teaching of communist philosophies and active advocacy of those ideas. Such advocacy created a \u0022clear and present danger\u0022 that threatened the government. Given the gravity of the consequences, the Court held that success or probability of success was not necessary to justify restrictions on the freedom of speech.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustices Frankfurter and Jackson concurred in separate opinions.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustices Black and Douglas dissented in separate opinions. Justice Black stressed that the petitioners were not charged with an attempt to overthrow the Government or any overt acts designed to overthrow the Government. They were not even charged with saying anything or writing anything designed to overthrow the Government. The charge was that they agreed to assemble and to talk and publish certain ideas at a later date. \u201cNo matter how it is worded, this is a virulent form of prior censorship of speech and press, which I believe the First Amendment forbids.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":28041,"name":"Harry Sacher","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/harry_sacher","view_count":0,"last_name":"Sacher","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"harry_sacher"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21343"},{"advocate":{"ID":25088,"name":"George W. Crockett, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/george_w_crockett_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Crockett,","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"george_w_crockett_jr"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21344"},{"advocate":{"ID":16271,"name":"Abraham J. Isserman","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abraham_j_isserman","view_count":0,"last_name":"Isserman","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"abraham_j_isserman"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21345"},{"advocate":{"ID":28682,"name":"Irving S. Shapiro","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/irving_s_shapiro","view_count":0,"last_name":"Shapiro","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"irving_s_shapiro"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21346"},{"advocate":{"ID":38245,"name":"Philip B. Perlman","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/philip_b_perlman","view_count":0,"last_name":"Perlman","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"philip_b_perlman"},"advocate_description":"Solicitor General, Department of Justice, for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21347"}],"oral_argument_audio":null,"citation":{"volume":"341","page":"494","year":"1951","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/27333"},"decisions":[{"description":"The convictions based on the Smith Act did not violate the First Amendment despite the fact that the defendants advocated violent overthrow of the government","votes":[{"member":{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"plurality","joining":null,"seniority":1,"ideology":0,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205946"},{"member":{"ID":15063,"name":"Stanley Reed","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stanley_reed","view_count":0,"last_name":"Reed","roles":[{"id":2707,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1007229600,"date_end":-405453600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2707"}],"thumbnail":{"id":79211,"mime":"image\/png","size":39053,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/stanley_reed\/stanley_reed.thumb_3.png"},"length_of_service":6965,"identifier":"stanley_reed"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":[{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"}],"seniority":3,"ideology":-0.739,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205947"},{"member":{"ID":15127,"name":"Harold Burton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/harold_burton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Burton","roles":[{"id":2772,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-765309600,"date_end":-354049200,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2772"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32711,"mime":"image\/png","size":34138,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/harold_burton\/harold_burton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4760,"identifier":"harold_burton"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":[{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"}],"seniority":7,"ideology":0,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205948"},{"member":{"ID":15037,"name":"Sherman Minton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sherman_minton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Minton","roles":[{"id":2680,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-638128800,"date_end":-416948400,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2680"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32794,"mime":"image\/png","size":32795,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/sherman_minton\/sherman_minton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2560,"identifier":"sherman_minton"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":[{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"}],"seniority":9,"ideology":0,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205949"},{"member":{"ID":15050,"name":"Felix Frankfurter","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/felix_frankfurter","view_count":0,"last_name":"Frankfurter","roles":[{"id":2694,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-975780000,"date_end":-231793200,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2694"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32706,"mime":"image\/png","size":45083,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/felix_frankfurter\/felix_frankfurter.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8611,"identifier":"felix_frankfurter"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"special concurrence","joining":null,"seniority":4,"ideology":-0.737,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205950"},{"member":{"ID":15046,"name":"Robert H. Jackson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/robert_h_jackson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Jackson","roles":[{"id":2690,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-898628400,"date_end":-480621600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2690"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32754,"mime":"image\/png","size":54330,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/robert_h_jackson\/robert_h_jackson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4838,"identifier":"robert_h_jackson"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"special concurrence","joining":null,"seniority":6,"ideology":0,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205951"},{"member":{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},"vote":"minority","opinion_type":"dissent","joining":null,"seniority":2,"ideology":-3.34,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205952"},{"member":{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},"vote":"minority","opinion_type":"dissent","joining":null,"seniority":5,"ideology":-3.133,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205953"},{"member":{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},"vote":"none","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":8,"ideology":0,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/205954"}],"majority_vote":6,"minority_vote":2,"winning_party":"United States","decision_type":"plurality opinion","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_decision\/case_decision\/16435"}],"first_party_label":"Petitioner","second_party_label":"Respondent","heard_by":[{"ID":15333,"name":"Vinson Court (1949-1953)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/vinson5","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15063,"name":"Stanley Reed","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stanley_reed","view_count":0,"last_name":"Reed","roles":[{"id":2707,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1007229600,"date_end":-405453600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2707"}],"thumbnail":{"id":79211,"mime":"image\/png","size":39053,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/stanley_reed\/stanley_reed.thumb_3.png"},"length_of_service":6965,"identifier":"stanley_reed"},{"ID":15050,"name":"Felix Frankfurter","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/felix_frankfurter","view_count":0,"last_name":"Frankfurter","roles":[{"id":2694,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-975780000,"date_end":-231793200,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2694"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32706,"mime":"image\/png","size":45083,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/felix_frankfurter\/felix_frankfurter.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8611,"identifier":"felix_frankfurter"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15046,"name":"Robert H. Jackson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/robert_h_jackson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Jackson","roles":[{"id":2690,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-898628400,"date_end":-480621600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2690"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32754,"mime":"image\/png","size":54330,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/robert_h_jackson\/robert_h_jackson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4838,"identifier":"robert_h_jackson"},{"ID":15127,"name":"Harold Burton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/harold_burton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Burton","roles":[{"id":2772,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-765309600,"date_end":-354049200,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2772"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32711,"mime":"image\/png","size":34138,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/harold_burton\/harold_burton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4760,"identifier":"harold_burton"},{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},{"ID":15037,"name":"Sherman Minton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sherman_minton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Minton","roles":[{"id":2680,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-638128800,"date_end":-416948400,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2680"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32794,"mime":"image\/png","size":32795,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/sherman_minton\/sherman_minton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2560,"identifier":"sherman_minton"}],"court_start":-638128800,"images":[{"id":12279,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":40185,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/vinson5.jpg"}],"identifier":"vinson5"}],"decided_by":{"ID":15333,"name":"Vinson Court (1949-1953)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/vinson5","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15064,"name":"Fred M. Vinson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/fred_m_vinson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Vinson","roles":[{"id":2708,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-742330800,"date_end":-514839600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2708"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32708,"mime":"image\/png","size":56304,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/fred_m_vinson\/fred_m_vinson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2633,"identifier":"fred_m_vinson"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15063,"name":"Stanley Reed","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stanley_reed","view_count":0,"last_name":"Reed","roles":[{"id":2707,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1007229600,"date_end":-405453600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2707"}],"thumbnail":{"id":79211,"mime":"image\/png","size":39053,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/stanley_reed\/stanley_reed.thumb_3.png"},"length_of_service":6965,"identifier":"stanley_reed"},{"ID":15050,"name":"Felix Frankfurter","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/felix_frankfurter","view_count":0,"last_name":"Frankfurter","roles":[{"id":2694,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-975780000,"date_end":-231793200,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2694"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32706,"mime":"image\/png","size":45083,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/felix_frankfurter\/felix_frankfurter.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8611,"identifier":"felix_frankfurter"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15046,"name":"Robert H. Jackson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/robert_h_jackson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Jackson","roles":[{"id":2690,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-898628400,"date_end":-480621600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2690"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32754,"mime":"image\/png","size":54330,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/robert_h_jackson\/robert_h_jackson.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4838,"identifier":"robert_h_jackson"},{"ID":15127,"name":"Harold Burton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/harold_burton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Burton","roles":[{"id":2772,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-765309600,"date_end":-354049200,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2772"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32711,"mime":"image\/png","size":34138,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/harold_burton\/harold_burton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":4760,"identifier":"harold_burton"},{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},{"ID":15037,"name":"Sherman Minton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sherman_minton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Minton","roles":[{"id":2680,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-638128800,"date_end":-416948400,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2680"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32794,"mime":"image\/png","size":32795,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/sherman_minton\/sherman_minton.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":2560,"identifier":"sherman_minton"}],"court_start":-638128800,"images":[{"id":12279,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":40185,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/vinson5.jpg"}],"identifier":"vinson5"},"term":"1940-1955","location":{"latitude":40.744869,"longitude":-73.996736,"name":"Communist Party Headquarters","street":"235 W. 23rd Street","city":"New York","province":"NY","postal_code":null,"province_name":"New York"},"opinion_announcement":null,"description":"A case in which the Court decided that the Smith Act, a federal law which made it a crime to advocate or organize for the purpose of overthrowing the government, did not violate the First Amendment of the Constitution.","written_opinion":[{"id":15817,"title":"Syllabus","author":null,"type":{"value":"syllabus","label":"Syllabus"},"justia_opinion_id":1940190,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/341\/494\/","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/15817"},{"id":15818,"title":"View Case","author":null,"type":{"value":"case","label":null},"justia_opinion_id":1940191,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/341\/494\/","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/15818"}],"related_cases":null,"justia_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/341\/494\/","argument2_url":null}