{"ID":59267,"name":"Reid v. 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Pursuant to a \u201cstatus-of-forces\u201d executive agreement with England, she was tried and convicted by US court-martial without a jury trial under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). She petitioned a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that the conviction violated her Fifth \u0026amp; Sixth Amendment rights to be tried by a jury after indictment by a grand jury.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDo American citizens abroad retain the rights granted to them by the Bill of Rights thus rendering Article 2(11) of the United State Code of Military Justice unconstitutional?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EU.S. citizen civilians outside of the territorial jurisdiction of the United States cannot be tried by U.S. military tribunal, but instead retain the protections guaranteed by the United States Constitution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, the Court held that U.S. citizen civilians abroad have the right to Fifth Amendment and Sixth Amendment constitutional protections. The Court agreed with the petitioners, concluding that as United States citizens they were entitled to the protections of the Bill of Rights, notwithstanding that they committed crimes on foreign soil. Justice Black declared: \u0022The concept that the Bill of Rights and other constitutional protections against arbitrary government are inoperative when they become inconvenient or when expediency dictates otherwise is a very dangerous doctrine and if allowed to flourish would destroy the benefit of a written Constitution and undermine the basis of our government.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile a majority of the Court agreed with the ultimate result, they did so for different reasons. Concurring in the decision, Justice Felix Frankfurter rejected the idea that the Necessary and Proper Clause could prevent Congress from mandating the court martial of civilians in all cases. He opposed what he termed a \u0022recourse to the literal words\u0022 of the Constitution. Merely to hold that Mrs. Covert could not stand trial before a military tribunal since she was not a member of the armed forces signified too narrow a review. In his opinion, that determination required the Court to assess the Constitution in its entirety and not simply the single provision granting Congress the power to regulate the nation\u0027s land and naval forces. He advocated a balancing test that would require a court to weigh \u0022all the factors involved...in order to decide whether [military dependents] are so closely related to what Congress may allowably deem essential for the effective...regulation of the land and naval forces that they may be subjected to court-martial jurisdiction in...capital cases, when the consequence is loss of [their constitutional] protections.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlso concurring in the judgment, Justice John Marshall Harlan II essentially agreed with Frankfurter. Accordingly, he saw the determination as \u0022analogous to issues of due process.\u0022 Having first determined that military dependents overseas bear a rational connection to the armed forces such that they could be validly subjected to court martial, he then asserted that the analysis turned on a question of what process was due a military dependent under the \u0022particular circumstances of a particular case.\u0022 While capital cases such as this one certainly necessitated a full Article III trial, most petty offenses committed by military dependents almost certainly would not. He thus advocated a case-by-case approach, rejecting the sweeping conclusion set forth by the plurality. Since Harlan had originally voted with the majority in the initial decision of this case, his concurrence on rehearing was narrow but significant. Perhaps as a consequence of his earlier vote in the previous term, his opinion on rehearing was considerably less at odds with the arguments set forth in the dissent written by Justice Tom C. Clark and joined by Justice Harold Burton.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn that staunch dissent, Clark gave substantial weight to historical practice. He asserted that the \u0022military has always exercised jurisdiction by court-martial over civilians accompanying armies in time of war,\u0022 and that for explicit reasons of policy concerning military morale and discipline, none of the Court\u0027s relevant precedents had ever questioned that authority. He pointed out several troublesome and practical consequences of the Court\u0027s holding. Not least among these were the vast distances between the United States and its various military instillations around the world. By setting forth an overly broad standard, the plurality, argued Clark, had opened the door to a myriad of petty offenses to be tried in the federal court system, thus incurring needless cost, delay, and disruption.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Charles Whitaker took no part in the decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHistorical Note\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReid v. Covert\u003C\/em\u003E has the distinction of being the only case in the history of the Supreme Court in which the Court reversed itself on rehearing. In successfully persuading the Court to do so, Mrs. Covert\u0027s lawyer, Colonel Frederick Bernays Wiener, secured for himself a seat among the giants of the legal profession. A seasoned veteran of Supreme Court litigation, Colonel Wiener considered his triumph in \u003Cem\u003EReid v. Covert\u003C\/em\u003E to be among his greatest professional accomplishments. His oral argument in the case has attained legendary status and remains a preeminent exemplar in the art of persuasion and appellate advocacy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMatthew Lognion contributed this abstract.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":35822,"name":"Marvin E. 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