{"ID":59374,"name":"Jencks v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1956\/23","view_count":0,"docket_number":"23","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Clinton D. Jencks ","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-416775600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47106"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-396990000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47107"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-436298400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53310"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EClinton Jencks, a union leader, was charged with falsely filing an Affidavit of Non-Communist Union Officer with the National Labor Relations Board. Two undercover informants for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) testified against Jencks, and reported that he had been seen at Communist Party events and working with Communist Party members. The evidence provided against Jencks was entirely circumstantial, and the prosecution\u0027s evidence rested largely on the testimonies and reports of the undercover informants. Jencks requested the testimony of the informants to review their credibility and admissibility in court. The trial court denied his request without stating the reasons, and Jencks was found guilty on two counts of communist activity and sentenced to five years imprisonment for each offense. Jencks appealed the lower court\u0027s decision on the grounds that the informants\u0027 reports should have been provided for review to determine their use in the trial and on the grounds that the jury was improperly instructed on the definitions of political party membership. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of the lower court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003ECan a defendant request testimonial documents for admissibility in trial if those documents potentially contain classified information and possible disclosure of state secrets?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion for the 7-1 majority. The Court held that the government\u0027s reports should have been produced for review for their admission in court. A concern for national security must be weighed against prosecuting criminal action if the criminal action prosecution relies on documents that, if released, would threaten national security. Based on this weighing test, the documents should have been provided for review of admissibility in a new trial. Criminal action must be dismissed if the government refuses to release information as a matter of national security.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harold Burton wrote a concurring opinion in which he agreed that the accused had the right to review the documents as evidence against him but argued that the disclosure of the documents should not guarantee a new trial. Rather, the documents should be reviewed and, if found to contain information that discredited the FBI informants\u2019 testimony, then there should be a new trial. However, in this case Justice Burton agreed there should be a new trial on the grounds that the jury was improperly instructed on the requirements of membership to a political party. Justice John M. Harlan joined in the concurrence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Tom C. Clark dissented and argued that, if information containing national secrets and issues of national security were available for the accused in criminal prosecutions, then national security would be greatly compromised. Justice Clark also wrote that the jury was properly instructed on the definition of membership to a political party.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Charles E. Whittaker did not participate in the discussion or decision of this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":62612,"name":"E. B. Elfers","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/e_b_elfers","view_count":0,"last_name":"Elfers","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"e_b_elfers"},"advocate_description":"for the appellant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21435"},{"advocate":{"ID":31669,"name":"John T. 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