{"ID":59443,"name":"Fikes v. Alabama","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1956\/53","view_count":0,"docket_number":"53","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"William Earl Fikes","second_party":"Alabama","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-412452000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47243"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-409082400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47244"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-434484000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53558"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn April 24, 1953 in Selma, Alabama, an intruder broke into the apartment of the daughter of the city mayor. The daughter and the intruder struggled through several rooms until she was able to seize his knife, and he fled. The assailant had a towel over his head, so the victim could not identify the defendant during the trial. The police apprehended William Earl Fikes on the basis of a call from a private citizen and held him \u201con an open charge of investigation.\u201d The police questioned Fikes for hours, placed him in jail, and limited his access to anyone familiar. After nearly a week of this treatment, Fikes confessed in the form of answers to the interrogator\u2019s leading questions. Five days later, Fikes confessed under questioning a second time. When these confessions were admitted into the trial as evidence, Fikes did not testify regarding the events surrounding his interrogation because the judge had ruled he would be subjected to unlimited cross-examination. The jury convicted Fikes and sentenced him to death. The Supreme Court of Alabama affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the questioning leading up to Fikes\u2019 confessions and their subsequent use in trial violate his right to Due Process?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the opinion of the 6-3 majority. The Court held that the circumstances surrounding Fikes\u2019 confession were coercive and unduly influenced him. Because the confessions were gained through coercion, their use in trial constituted a denial of due process.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote that mental and emotional coercion achieve the same result as physical coercion and should be considered equally detrimental to the interests of justice. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. joined in the concurrence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John M. Harlan wrote a dissenting opinion in which he argued that the questioning that led to the confessions was not definitively coercive. He also argued that, without evidence that shows the questioning was unconstitutional, the majority opinion overstepped the Court\u2019s bounds by reversing the decision. Justice Stanley Reed and Justice Harold Burton joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30616,"name":"Jack Greenberg","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jack_greenberg","view_count":0,"last_name":"Greenberg","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jack_greenberg"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21784"},{"advocate":{"ID":40567,"name":"Robert Straub","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/robert_straub","view_count":0,"last_name":"Straub","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"robert_straub"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21785"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":13236,"title":"Oral Argument - December 06, 1956 (Part 1)","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/13236"},{"id":13288,"title":"Oral Argument - December 06, 1956 (Part 2)","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/13288"}],"citation":{"volume":"352","page":"191","year":"1957","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/24225"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. 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