{"ID":59703,"name":"Draper v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1958\/136","view_count":0,"docket_number":"136","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"James Draper","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-348948000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47680"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-344973600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/47681"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-363121200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53478"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EJohn Marsh, a federal narcotics agent, was stationed in Denver and regularly worked with James Hereford, a paid informant. On September 3, 1956, Hereford told Marsh that James Draper had recently moved to Denver and was dealing drugs. Four days later, Hereford informed Marsh that Draper had gone to Chicago to pick up heroin and would be returning by train on either the morning of September 8 or 9. Hereford also provided a detailed description of Draper and the bag he would likely be carrying. On September 9, Marsh and a Denver police agent saw a person exactly matching that description exit a train from Chicago. Marsh and the police officer stopped him and arrested him. In his pocket they found two envelopes containing heroin, and they found a syringe in his bag.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore his trial, Draper moved to suppress the evidence of the drugs and the syringe as having been secured through an unlawful search and seizure. The district court dismissed the motion after finding that the officers had probable cause to arrest Draper without a warrant and therefore the evidence was the fruit of a lawful search. Draper was tried and convicted of knowingly concealing and transporting drugs. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second District affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes knowledge provided by an informant give the police probable cause under the Fourth Amendment to arrest and search a suspect?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Charles E. Whittaker delivered the opinion of the 6-1 majority. The Supreme Court held that evidence required to show probable cause is not held to the same standard as evidence required to prove guilt in trial. Despite the fact that information Marsh gained from Hereford would be inadmissible at trial as hearsay, it may still be relied on as probable cause for a search and arrest. The Court also held that, because Marsh was able to personally verify the description Hereford had given, he had \u201creasonable grounds\u201d to believe that the information regarding the heroin was also correct.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissenting opinion, Justice William O. Douglas wrote that an arrest made on the word of an informant violates the spirit of the Fourth Amendment because it allows the police latitude to arrest innocent people without sufficient proof. He argued that an interpretation of the Fourth Amendment to allow arrests based on suspicion goes against the entire history of American jurisprudence and the intentions of the framers of the Constitution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Earl Warren and Justice Felix Frankfurter did not participate in the discussion or decision of the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37445,"name":"Osmond K. 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