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Warren Madden, an active judge on the Court of Claims at the time, granted the employees damages. Glidden argued that the guarantee in Article III of the Constitution that judges should hold their offices during good behavior meant that Judge Madden displayed a lack of appropriate judicial independence.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrevious judicial precedent had established that the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the United States Court of Claims were neither confined in jurisdiction nor protected in independence by Article III of the Constitution, but that there were created by other powers Congress possessed under Article I. Congress had since enacted statutes explicitly including the Court of Claims and the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals in Article III of the Constitution.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EAre judges in the United States Court of Claims and the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals constitutionally protected in tenure and compensation under Article III of the Constitution?\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the opinion of the 5-2 majority. The Court held that the judges, including retired judges, of the United States Court of Claims and the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals are constitutionally protected in tenure and compensation under Article III of the Constitution. Congressional declarations made it clear that those judges are protected under Article III, although such clarification was relatively recent. 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