{"ID":60250,"name":"Garner v. Louisiana","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1961\/26","view_count":0,"docket_number":"26","additional_docket_numbers":["27","28"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"John Burrell Garner","second_party":"Louisiana","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[-276372000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48615"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[-258922800,-258836400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48616"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-254253600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48617"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a number of consolidated cases from Louisiana, several defendants were convicted of disturbing the peace by sitting at lunch counters that were reserved for patrons of a different race and refusing to leave. Defendants alleged that their convictions were based upon no evidence of guilt and, therefore, denied them of due process of the law. Defendants were denied post-conviction relief in the state courts, and the Court granted certiorari.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003ECould the state criminally prosecute non-violent protestors staging a sit-in to express opposition to segregation by race?\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause, a state cannot apply its criminal statutes on disturbing the peace to non-violent protestors staging a sit-in to express opposition to segregation by race.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an opinion authored by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court held that the convictions violated defendants\u0027 rights to due process of law guaranteed them by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court found no evidence that defendants\u0027 quiet, peaceable sitting at the counter that would have supported a finding that their conduct would have foreseeably disturbed the public. The Court acknowledged that the state courts might have construed the statute more broadly to permit a finding of imminent public commotion caused by peaceful and orderly conduct. Nonetheless, the Court found no evidence to support a finding of disturbing the peace.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William O. Douglas concurred on the ground that restaurants operating under a public license, though private enterprises, were public facilities in which a state may not constitutionally enforce a policy of racial segregation.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Felix Frankfurter concurred in the judgment on the ground that the records in the present cases contained no evidence of disturbance or alarm in the behavior of the public.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John M. Harlan concurred in the judgment on the grounds that the defendants\u0027 conduct, insofar as it occurred with the implied consent of the management, was a form of expression within the range of protections afforded by the Fourteenth Amendment which could in no event be punished by the state under a general breach of the peace statute; and that, in any event, the Louisiana statute, as applied, was unconstitutionally vague and uncertain.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30616,"name":"Jack Greenberg","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jack_greenberg","view_count":0,"last_name":"Greenberg","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jack_greenberg"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21814"},{"advocate":{"ID":33615,"name":"John F. 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