{"ID":60395,"name":"Avent v. North Carolina","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1962\/11","view_count":0,"docket_number":"11","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"John Thomas Avent et al.","second_party":"North Carolina","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-225828000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48850"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-208897200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48851"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-237322800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53792"}],"lower_court":{"ID":54,"name":"North Carolina Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/54"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ES. H. Kress and Company operated a general variety store on Main Street in Durham, North Carolina. On the first floor, Kress had a stand-up counter where it served food and drinks to both black and white customers. On the basement floor, however, Kress operated a luncheonette department with signs posted stating that it was for employees and invited guests only.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn May 6, 1960, seven students tried to seat themselves at the luncheonette counter. Five, including John Thomas Avent, were black students at North Carolina College for Negroes in Durham. The other two were white students at Duke University. All seven were involved with civil rights student organizations to varying degrees. Before each sat down, the store\u2019s manager W. K. Boger spoke with the students individually. He told them that the luncheonette department was for employees and invited guests only, and asked them to leave. Both white students, however, were only asked to leave when it became clear they were sitting with one or more black customers. When the students refused to leave, Boger called an officer of the Durham police department, who arrested the students and charged them with trespassing.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt trial, Boger testified that it was Kress\u2019 policy to refuse service to black customers at the luncheonette department, and to refuse service to white people in the company of black people. The district court convicted all seven defendants of trespassing. On appeal, the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the ruling. Noting that North Carolina had no laws mandating the separation of white and black customers in restaurants, the court upheld proprietors\u2019 common law right to exclude individuals on the basis of race.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Fourteenth Amendment prohibit a white operator of a diner from barring black customers from a \u201cwhites only\u201d section of the store?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a per curiam opinion, the Court vacated the North Carolina Supreme Court\u2019s judgment and remanded the case for reconsideration in light of its decisions in \u003Ci\u003EPeterson v. City of Greenville\u003C\/i\u003E and \u003Ci\u003EPatterson v. Alabama\u003C\/i\u003E In \u003Ci\u003EPeterson\u003C\/i\u003E, the Court held that states cannot use trespass laws to enforce discrimination mandated by a segregation ordinance. In \u003Ci\u003EPatterson\u003C\/i\u003E, the Court held that it is bound to consider changes in law which supervene after a judgment is entered.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Harlan dissented in part. He pointed out that the City of Durham had a restaurant segregation ordinance in effect, but that the North Carolina Supreme Court proceeded under the assumption that no such ordinance existed. He would have instead remanded the case for reconsideration in light of this fact.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30616,"name":"Jack Greenberg","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jack_greenberg","view_count":0,"last_name":"Greenberg","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jack_greenberg"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21059"},{"advocate":{"ID":39937,"name":"Ralph Moody","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/ralph_moody","view_count":0,"last_name":"Moody","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"ralph_moody"},"advocate_description":"Assistant Attorney General of North Carolina, for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21060"},{"advocate":{"ID":15704,"name":"Archibald Cox","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/archibald_cox","view_count":0,"last_name":"Cox","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"archibald_cox"},"advocate_description":"Solicitor General, Department of Justice, by special leave of Court, argued the cause for the United States, as amicus curiae, urging reversal.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21061"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":14081,"title":"Oral Argument - November 05, 1962","public_note":null,"unavailable":false,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/14081"}],"citation":{"volume":"373","page":"375","year":"1963","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/25177"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. 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