{"ID":60433,"name":"Lopez v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1962\/236","view_count":0,"docket_number":"236","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"German S. Lopez","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-219780000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48914"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-208292400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/48915"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-227646000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53613"}],"lower_court":{"ID":6,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/6"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn August 31, 1961, Internal Revenue Agent Roger S. Davis visited Clauson\u2019s Inn, located in North Falmouth, Massachusetts, as part of an investigation into possible tax evasion. He spoke with German S. Lopez, who operated the inn, to determine whether there was any dancing or other form of evening entertainment. Lopez denied it, but when Davis returned later that night, he saw dancing in the lounge and bar. On October 21, Davis returned to tell Lopez that the Inn might owe a cabaret tax and requested the Inn\u2019s financial records. Lopez suggested that the two could reach an \u201cagreement\u201d and offered Davis $420 with a promise of more money if he dropped the issue. In Lopez\u2019s version of the events, the money was for Davis to prepare the paperwork and put the Inn\u2019s books in order. Lopez agreed to file paperwork for the current quarter and asked Davis to come back on October 24. Davis reported the meeting and turned the money over to his superior. When he returned on October 24, Davis wore a recording device. As they discussed Lopez\u2019s tax liability, Lopez emphasized that he wanted Davis \u201con [his] side\u201d and gave him more money. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez was charged with four counts of attempted bribery of an internal revenue agent. Prior to trial, Lopez filed a motion to suppress the recorded evidence, and the motion was denied. He was convicted on three of the counts in district court. Although the defense did not focus on entrapment, the trial court judge provided jury instructions on the issue. The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Did the IRS agent\u2019s actions toward the petitioner constitute entrapment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Was the use of the wire recording of a conversation between the petitioner and the IRS agent as evidence a violation of the Fourth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, No. Justice John M. Harlan delivered the opinion of the 6-3 majority. The Court held that entrapment only occurs when law enforcement professionals purposefully induce the commission of a crime. The petitioner\u2019s offers of bribery happened before the agent responded in any favorable way, so the agent did not entrap the petitioner. Since the petitioner did not object to the jury instruction on entrapment at the time, he could not retroactively object. The Court also held that the wire recordings did not result from Davis misrepresenting himself. Lopez knew that Davis could use his statements against him if he chose to do so. The device only served to reliably record a conversation in which a government agent was a legal participant. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that the advances in recording technology required the Court to be vigilant about monitoring the constitutionality of their usage. In this case, he held that the recording only corroborated the legal testimony of the agent and was therefore admissible.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote a dissent where he stated that this case followed in the vein of \u003Ci\u003EOn Lee v. United States\u003C\/i\u003E, and both cases were wrongly decided. He argued that the recording was not merely a corroboration of earlier evidence but \u201cindependent third-party evidence.\u201d He argued that the use of electronic recording devices revived the evils of the general warrant, which the Fourth and Fifth Amendments were written to prevent. He also argued that, in a conversation, the speaker assumes the risk that the other participant might repeat the conversation, but a wire recording adds a third party and another risk to the speaker\u2019s privacy that he did not assume. Justice William O. Douglas and Justice Arthur J. 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