{"ID":60723,"name":"Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1963\/508","view_count":0,"docket_number":"508","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Lucas","second_party":"Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-181591200,-181504800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49393"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-175028400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49394"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EActing on behalf of several voters in the Denver area, Andres Lucas sued various officials connected with Colorado\u0027s elections challenging the apportionment of seats in both houses of the Colorado General Assembly. Under Colorado\u0027s apportionment plan, the House of Representatives was apportioned on the basis of population but the apportionment of the Senate was based on a combination of population and other factors (geography, compactness and contiguity, accessibility, natural boundaries, and conformity to historical divisions). Consequently, counties with only about one-third of the State\u0027s total population would elect a majority of the Senate; the maximum population-variance ratio would be about 3.6-to-1; and the chief metropolitan areas, with over two-thirds of the State\u0027s population, could elect only a bare majority of the Senate. When a three-judge District Court upheld the plan, stressing its recent approval by the electorate, the Supreme Court granted Lucas certiorari.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a majority-approved state apportionment plan that permits one house of its congress to be largely apportioned on the basis of factors other than population distribution in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s Equal Protection Clause?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 6-to-3 opinion, the Court held that the Equal Protection Clause requires all districts to be substantially apportioned on a population bases. While noting that some deviation from strict population considerations may be permitted to offset minor underrepresentations of one group or another, the wholesale neglect of population considerations is unconstitutional. The Court added that although a majority of the Colorado electorate approved its apportionment scheme, this cannot override even a single individual\u0027s constitutionally protected right to cast an equally weighted vote. The apportionment of Colorado\u0027s Senate rendered population considerations virtually insignificant, and was therefore unconstitutional.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":null,"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":14591,"title":"Oral Argument - April 01, 1964","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/14591"},{"id":14774,"title":"Oral Argument - March 31, 1964","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/14774"}],"citation":{"volume":"377","page":"713","year":"1964","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/25505"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. 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