{"ID":60743,"name":"Griffin v. School Board of Prince Edward County","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1963\/592","view_count":0,"docket_number":"592","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Cocheyse J. Griffin, et al.","second_party":"County School Board of Prince Edward County, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-181677600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49426"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-176842800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49427"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-188935200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53639"}],"lower_court":{"ID":9,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/9"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1951, a group of African American students in Prince Edward County, Virginia filed a complaint in district court alleging that the Virginia laws requiring segregated schools denied them their Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection under the law. When the Supreme Court decided \u003Ci\u003EBrown v. Board of Education in 1954\u003C\/i\u003E, this case and others like it were remanded to the lower courts to order desegregation. Prince Edward County resisted desegregation by refusing to levy and collect the school taxes for the 1959-1960 school year, which forced the public schools in the county to close. The Prince Edward School Foundation formed to ensure private education for the white students. African American students did not receive formal education from 1959 until 1963, when federal, state, and county authorities collaborated to hold desegregated classes in county-owned buildings. In 1960, the Prince Edward Board of Supervisors passed an ordinance providing tuition grants for the children attending the private schools of the Prince Edward School Foundation. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1961, the petitioners amended their original complaint to include new respondents and the elements of failing to provide public free schools in the county and using public funds to pay for segregated private schools. The district court held that the county could not pay the tuition grants as long as the public school remained closed, but the court refrained from making a decision regarding the closed public schools until the Virginia courts ruled on the issue. Later, without waiting for the decision of the Virginia courts, the district court held that the public schools must reopen. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed the decisions on the grounds that the district court should have waited until the state courts determined the validity of the tuition grants and the closing of the public schools.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the closing of the Prince Edward County public schools deny the African American students in the county equal protection under the law as guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Hugo L. Black authored the opinion of the 7-2 majority, in which the Court held that the closing of the county\u2019s schools denied the African American children an education that was available to their white peers. Although the closing of public schools is not unconstitutional in itself, when schools are closed for the express purpose of denying education to a group of children based on race, the action violates the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court also held that the district court had the power to order the county to collect the necessary taxes and to reopen the public schools.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a jointly filed dissenting opinion, Justice Tom C. Clark and Justice John M. Harlan disagreed with the holding that the district court could order the county to reopen the public schools.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":38936,"name":"Robert L. Carter","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/robert_l_carter","view_count":0,"last_name":"Carter","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"robert_l_carter"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21851"},{"advocate":{"ID":39906,"name":"R. D. 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