{"ID":60855,"name":"Hamm v. City of Rock Hill","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1964\/2","view_count":0,"docket_number":"2","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Arthur Hamm, Jr., Frank James Lupper","second_party":"City of Rock Hill, Arkansas","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-164746800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49590"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-159300000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49591"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-174423600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53807"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn June 7, 1960, Arthur Hamm, Jr. and Reverend C. A. Ivory, both black, entered McCrory\u2019s Five and Ten Cent Store in Rock Hill, South Carolina. They made several purchases, then tried unsuccessfully to purchase food at the lunch counter. The store manager asked Hamm and Ivory to leave, but they refused to do so. The manager called the police, who again asked Hamm and Ivory to leave before finally arresting them.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Rock Hill charged Hamm with willfully and unlawfully trespassing at McCrory\u2019s, in violation of city and state laws. He was tried in district court without a jury, found guilty and sentenced to pay a fine of one hundred dollars or serve thirty days in jail. The Court of General Sessions and the Supreme Court of South Carolina both affirmed his conviction. The Supreme Court of South Carolina cited other South Carolina cases involving sit-down demonstrations, noting that those defendants consistently and unsuccessfully invoked the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s due process protections.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Civil Rights Act, passed in 1964 while his appeal was pending, declared that all persons should be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Civil Rights Act forbid discrimination towards black customers at McCrory\u2019s Five and Ten Cent Store if Hamm\u2019s appeal was pending when the law took effect?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 5-4 decision written by Justice Tom C. Clark, the Court held in a combined case that sit-in demonstrations could not be the subject of federal or state trespass prosecutions, and that any such convictions on appeal must be reversed. Justice Clark noted that the Court historically gave weight to the common law doctrine of abatement, which applied changes in law that occur after a trial court\u2019s judgment but before the decision of an appellate court to the original judgment. He explained that this rule did not depend on the explicit intention of Congress. As the Civil Rights Act clearly prevented the federal prosecution of individuals for attempting to make use of public accommodations, Justice Clark held that it must also prevent state prosecutions through the supremacy clause. He declined to answer the question of whether the Fourteenth Amendment alone prevented similar prosecutions at the state or federal level.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustices William O. Douglas and Arthur J. Goldberg concurred. Justice Douglas characterized the Civil Rights Act as a means of enforcing protections already enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment. Therefore, there was no real issue with applying it retroactively to already unconstitutional state prosecutions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Hugo Black dissented. He read nothing in the Civil Rights Act to suggest that Congress intended to reverse sit-in trespassing convictions that occurred before the act took effect.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Harlan dissented. He rejected the majority\u2019s assumption that the doctrine of abatement required courts to apply a federal change in law to Hamm\u2019s state conviction through the supremacy clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart dissented. He argued that a state\u2019s abatement policy was determined by that state, not by federal courts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron White dissented. He could not discern any constitutional problem with Hamm\u2019s state court conviction, and was confident that Congress did not intent to abate similar existing convictions through the Civil Rights Act. He noted Congress\u2019 silence on the issue.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30616,"name":"Jack Greenberg","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jack_greenberg","view_count":0,"last_name":"Greenberg","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jack_greenberg"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner Hamm","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22028"},{"advocate":{"ID":19602,"name":"Constance Baker Motley","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/constance_baker_motley","view_count":0,"last_name":"Motley","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"constance_baker_motley"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner Lupper","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22029"},{"advocate":{"ID":21242,"name":"Daniel R. 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