{"ID":61082,"name":"Mishkin v. New York","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/49","view_count":0,"docket_number":"49","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Edward Mishkin","second_party":"New York","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-128368800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49961"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-119383200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49962"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-149623200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53856"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn December 29, 1959, New York City police officers entered the Publishers Outlet, where they seized a number of books and magazines. On January 12, 1960, the police raided the basement below a printing shop belonging to Norman Levenberg. The police discovered, through Levenberg, that a number of books were kept for Edward Mishkin in a storage room. Also that day, officers entered Midget Book Shop, where they seized an additional number of books and magazines. On February 10, 1960, the police confiscated three books from the Main Stern Book Store. Levenberg later testified that Mishkin controlled all of the books, and that he operated both the Publishers\u2019 Outlet and the Main Stern Book Store; officers indeed encountered Mishkin at both stores. In all, the police seized fifty books allegedly possessed by Mishkin.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe seized books were paper-bound \u201cpulps,\u201d and most had jackets with illustrations relating to the fictional subject matter within. The covers of nineteen of the books displayed illustrations of women being whipped, beaten, tortured or abused. Most of the book jackets depicted symbols associated with fetishism, such as leather boots, excessively tight clothing, black gloves, whips, masks and corsets. Some presented incidents of sexual seduction, transvestism, sodomy, rape and masturbation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe state of New York charged Mishkin with multiple counts of  possessing obscene books, of hiring others to prepare obscene books, and of publishing obscene books. At trial, authors who worked under Mishkin for several years testified that he instructed them to fill the books with strong sexual material. Mishkin was convicted before a three-judge panel of the Court of Special Sessions. He was sentenced to a three-year prison term and ordered to pay $12,000 in fines. The appellate court affirmed Mishkin\u2019s sentence, modifying the judgment to remove charges related to Mishkin\u2019s failure to print the name and address of the publisher or printer on the books; the court held the statute requiring this action to be unconstitutional. The Court of Appeals of New York affirmed the judgment, holding that the New York law forbidding obscene material itself did not violate Mishkin\u2019s constitutional rights and was not unconstitutionally vague.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWas New York\u2019s anti-obscenity statute impermissibly vague?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWere Mishkin\u2019s books properly found to be obscene?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMust the government show that Mishkin knew the books were obscene?\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, yes, and yes. The Court upheld Mishkin\u2019s conviction, in a 6-3 decision written by Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. Justice Brennan rejected Mishkin\u2019s argument that the New York statute\u2019s use of the terms \u201csadistic\u201d and \u201cmasochistic\u201d was impermissibly vague, because the state\u2019s definition was narrower than used by the Court in \u003Ci\u003ERoth v. United States\u003C\/i\u003E. The Court also rejected Mishkin\u2019s argument that the material did not meet the Roth test\u2019s prurient-appeal requirement in that it did not appeal to the prurient interests of the average person. The Court held that the Roth test is satisfied if the dominant theme of material appeals to the prurient interests of members of a sexual subgroup. It pointed to evidence that Mishkin instructed the books to be specifically conceived and marketed to appeal to \u201csexually deviant groups\u201d.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court also rejected Mishkin\u2019s argument that there was insufficient proof that he knew the material was obscene. The Court noted Mishkin\u2019s instructions to his artists and writers, his efforts to disguise his role in the enterprise by publishing the books anonymously, and the sheer volume of material. According to the Court, this evidence showed Mishkin was aware of the character of the material.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Hugo Black dissented, arguing that the Court and lower federal courts are without power to censor obscene material regardless of its subject matter. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart dissented, arguing that the material in question was protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William O. Douglas dissented, in a combined response to the majorities of \u003Ci\u003EMishkin\u003C\/i\u003E and \u003Ci\u003EGinzburg v. United States\u003C\/i\u003E. He referenced testimony at trial indicating that several of the books in question have redeeming social value. He also questioned New York\u0027s right to limit publishers\u0027 ability to cater to nonconformist groups.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23029,"name":"Emanuel Redfield","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/emanuel_redfield","view_count":0,"last_name":"Redfield","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"emanuel_redfield"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22064"},{"advocate":{"ID":28282,"name":"H. 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