{"ID":61084,"name":"Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/5","view_count":0,"docket_number":"5","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Fred L. Shuttlesworth","second_party":"City of Birmingham","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-133297200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49965"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-130269600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49966"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-152647200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53838"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn April 4, 1962, black citizens of Birmingham, Alabama were engaged in a boycott of downtown department stores; the Birmingham police -- including Patrolman Byars -- were aware of the boycott. At about 10:30 A.M., Byars observed a group of four to six people including noted activist Fred L. Shuttlesworth walking toward the intersection of 19th Street and Second Avenue, the location of the front entrance of Newberry\u2019s Department Store. Byars walked through Newberry\u2019s and through the front entrance, where he observed a group of ten or twelve people congregated in one area. They were standing and talking with Shuttlesworth apparently at the center of the conversation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EByars observed the group for a minute or so from inside Newberry\u2019s, then left the store and told the group to move on and clear the sidewalk. Some of the group began to leave. Byars repeated his command, and Shuttlesworth asked, \u201cYou mean to say we can\u2019t stand here on the sidewalk?\u201d Three more officers arrived on the scene, and Byars told the group that they would have to clear the sidewalk or he would arrest them for obstructing its use. By this point, only Shuttlesworth remained at the scene. Shuttlesworth repeated his question, and Byars told him he was under arrest. Shuttlesworth then attempted to walk into Newberry\u2019s, but Byars followed him in and arrested him. Shuttlesworth offered no resistence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn April 5, Shuttlesworth was tried in the recorder\u2019s court of the city of Birmingham. The court charged him with obstructing free passage on the sidewalk and with refusing to comply with a police order to move on in violation of two sections of the Birmingham General City Code. He was sentenced to 180 days of hard labor and $100 fine and costs. He appealed for a trial de novo in the district court. Byars\u2019 initially testified that the group\u2019s presence impeded pedestrian traffic, but on cross-examination he testified that the group only blocked off about half the sidewalk. The court affirmed Shuttlesworth\u2019s conviction, rejecting his assertions that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague and overbroad, that the prosecution\u2019s case was not supported by evidence, and that Shuttleworth\u2019s conduct was protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Alabama Court of Appeals affirmed Shuttlesworth\u2019s conviction, holding the evidence sufficient to support the verdict. The Alabama Supreme Court denied Shuttlesworth\u2019s applications for \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E and rehearing.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Is an ordinance making it an offense to stand, loiter or walk on any city sidewalk in a way that obstructs others\u2019 free passage over that sidewalk unconstitutional as applied to Shuttlesworth?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Is an ordinance making it an offense to stand or loiter on a city sidewalk after a request by a policeman to \u201cmove on\u201d unconstitutional as applied to Shuttlesworth?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and yes. Writing for a unanimous court, Justice Potter Stewart held that while both portions of the statute were facially constitutional, the trial court unconstitutionally applied the \u201cobstructing free passage\u201d portion of the ordinance. Justice Stewart noted that in \u003Ci\u003EPhifer v. City of Birmingham\u003C\/i\u003E, the Alabama Court of Appeals later interpreted the statute to apply only when a person who obstructs free passage on a sidewalk also refuses to obey a request by an officer to move on. The trial court did not have this interpretation available to it, and it made no findings of fact and rendered no opinion. Justice Stewart inferred from this that the trial court may have applied an unconstitutionally literal interpretation of the statute, where either obstructing free passage on the sidewalk or disobeying a police order to move on would be sufficient for a finding of guilt.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stewart also held that the trial court unconstitutionally applied the \u0022move on\u0022 portion of the ordinance to Shuttlesworth. Justice Stewart again referred to \u003Ci\u003EPhifer\u003C\/i\u003E, where the Court held that the police order in question must be related to directing vehicular traffic because that section of the Birmingham General City Code was related to regulating vehicular traffic. In contrast, the record for Shuttlesworth\u2019s case did not contain any evidence that Patrolman Byars was directing vehicular traffic.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William Douglas concurred. He reasoned that Shuttlesworth could not have been blocking traffic when he was arrested because all other members of his group had left by that point.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Abraham Fortas also concurred, joined by Chief Justice Earl Warren. Justice Fortas would have finally reversed the conviction. While agreeing that the statute is constitutional on its face, he argued that there was no way the facts could be construed to show that Shuttlesworth and his group were actually obstructing the sidewalk. He accused Birmingham of using the statute as a pretext to lock up a notorious civil rights activist.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":32207,"name":"James M. 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