{"ID":61099,"name":"United States v. Price","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/59","view_count":0,"docket_number":"59","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Cecil Ray Price","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-130788000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49991"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-118778400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/49992"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn June 21, 1964 Cecil Ray Price, a sheriff\u2019s deputy, detained three civil rights workers, Michael Henry Schwerner, James Earl Chaney, and Andrew Goodman, in the Neshoba County Jail, in Philadelphia, Mississippi. That night, Price released all three men from custody, and then drove his police cruiser to intercept them on Mississippi Highway 19. Price accosted the three men, placed them in his police car, and then drove them down an unpaved road. There Price and seventeen other men, including both local citizens and members of the Philadelphia, Mississippi Police Department, executed the three men and dumped their bodies in a construction site. All eighteen defendants were subsequently arrested and were indicted by a Grand Jury on January 15, 1965 for violating federal statutes. The first statute, 18 U.S.C.S. 241, dealt with criminal conspiracies. The second statute, 18 U.S.C.S. 242, criminalized anyone acting under the color of law from depriving any of the rights, privileges, or immunities guaranteed by the Constitution. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi dismissed the charges for violating 18 U.S.C.S. 242 against the non-police officer defendants, claiming that the indictment did not state an actual offense against the United States. This appeal followed.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid Price and the other defendants violate federal law when they murdered three men on June 21, 1964?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a unanimous decision, Justice Abe Fortas reinstated the indictment against all defendants. First, Justice Fortas addressed 18 U.S. C.S. 242 as applied to the non-police officers. Here, he noted that private citizens can act under the color of law where they are joining state officials in engaging in prohibited actions, as they did in this case. Therefore, the \u201ccolor of law\u201d indictments should be reinstated against all of the defendants, not merely the police officers. Next, Justice Fortas addressed the alleged violation of 18 U.S.C.S. 241, the criminal conspiracy statute. Here, Justice Fortas stated that a criminal conspiracy, perpetrated in part by state officials, constitutes a state action and therefore falls under the United States\u2019 authority granted by the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Fortas then addressed the history of this statute, and the Fourteenth Amendment. To him, this history, including the civil war, racial violence, Klu Klux Klan, and voter intimidation, solidified his conclusion that the conspiracy statute was designed to be read against the backdrop of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Hugo L. Black concurred in this decision, noting some disagreement with the majority\u2019s use of the case of United States v. Williams, 341 U.S. 58; United States v. Williams, 341 U.S. 70; and Williams v. United States, 341 U.S. 70. This case also inspired the 1988 film, \u003Cem\u003EMississippi Burning\u003C\/em\u003E.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":15104,"name":"Thurgood Marshall","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/thurgood_marshall","view_count":0,"last_name":"Marshall","roles":[{"id":2748,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-71002800,"date_end":686293200,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2748"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32770,"mime":"image\/png","size":59272,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/thurgood_marshall\/thurgood_marshall.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8765,"identifier":"thurgood_marshall"},"advocate_description":"For the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21673"},{"advocate":{"ID":28296,"name":"H. C. 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