{"ID":61106,"name":"Evans v. Newton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/61","view_count":0,"docket_number":"61","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"E. S. Evans, et al.","second_party":"Charles E. Newton, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-130788000,-130701600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50003"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-124826400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50004"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-147812400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53608"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn his will, U.S. Senator Augustus Bacon left a piece of real estate to the city of Macon in Georgia. He intended the land to be used as a park that only whites could access. The city, as the named trustee, created a board of managers to operate the park, and it eventually allowed African Americans to use it. Trying to effectuate the Senator\u0027s will, individual managers of the park sued to remove the city as trustee because it was constitutionally unable to enforce the racially restrictive component of the will. After the city complied and resigned as trustee, private trustees appointed by a state court resumed excluding African Americans. A group of African Americans then brought an action on the grounds that the racial exclusion still violated equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The state courts upheld the appointment of the private trustees.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen private actors fulfill public or governmental duties, are they subject to constitutional restrictions?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA private park operator is subject to the Fourteenth Amendment if the park is municipal in character.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting for the 6-3 majority, Justice William O. Douglas held that racial discrimination is prohibited under the Fourteenth Amendment in any state-sponsored situation. In this situation, the city maintained and managed the park, which had become an integral part of the city. This makes the operation of the park a public function, despite the fact that it was managed by private trustees. A park provides municipal services, such as mass recreation, so equal protection should apply.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Justice Byron R. White wrote that the city\u2019s resignation was based on the false understanding that the city cannot enforce the dictates of the trust but that the private trustees can. Since racial discrimination regarding the use of public property is unconstitutional, the private trustees could not enforce the will any more than the city could.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Hugo L. Black wrote a dissenting opinion in which he argued that the Court unnecessarily overstepped its bounds by hearing a case that should be decided solely according to interpretation of state law by the state courts. Since there is no constitutional reason to prevent a municipality from resigning a trusteeship, the issue is one for the states to decide individually.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissenting opinion, Justice John M. 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