{"ID":61112,"name":"United States v. Guest","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1965\/65","view_count":0,"docket_number":"65","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Herbert Guest et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-130788000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50014"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-118778400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50015"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn July 11, 1964 Lt. Col. Lemuel Penn was shot and killed by three members of the Ku Klux Klan while driving home from Washington, D.C. The alleged shooters, James Lackey, Cecil Myers, and Howard Sims, were indicted but acquitted by an all-white jury. Following the acquittal, the three defendants were indicted on charges of conspiracy to threaten, abuse, and kill African Americans. Three alleged co-conspirators, Denver Phillips, George Turner, and Herbert Guest, were also charged. The U.S. Code defines criminal conspiracy as two or more individuals conspiring to \u0022injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any citizen in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States.\u0022 The indictment filed against the six alleged conspirators accused them of acting to deny African Americans full and equal enjoyment and utilization of goods and services, including access to state highways and free travel to and from Georgia on public streets. The defendants moved to dismiss the indictment, arguing that it did not allege a specific denial of rights under U.S. law. The district court agreed, and dismissed the indictment. The prosecution appealed, arguing that the indictment alleged, in part, a denial of rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EWas the federal indictment based on an offense under the laws of the United States?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EIf a state participates at all in a conspiracy it has violated the Fourteenth Amendment with regard to any individuals whose rights are infringed, based on the constitutional right to travel.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an 8-1 opinion authored by Justice Potter Stewart, the Court held that a criminal conspiracy affecting an individual\u0027s right of free interstate passage violated the law. The Court reasoned that the indictment contained an express allegation of state involvement sufficient at least to require denial of a motion to dismiss. If the predominate purpose of the conspiracy is to prevent the exercise of the right of travel, or to oppress a person of that right, as was the case here, then whether or not motivated by racial discrimination, the conspiracy becomes a proper object of federal law under which the indictment was brought. Therefore, the federal indictment was based on an offense under the laws of the United States.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Clark, joined by Justices Black and Fortas, concurred.\u00a0\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harlan dissented in part and concurred in part.\u00a0\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Brannan, joined by Justices Warrant and Douglas, dissented in part and concurred in part.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":null,"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":15131,"title":"Oral Argument - November 09, 1965","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/15131"}],"citation":{"volume":"383","page":"745","year":"1966","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/25894"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. 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