{"ID":61351,"name":"Chapman v. California","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1966\/95","view_count":0,"docket_number":"95","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Ruth Elizabeth Chapman, Thomas LeRoy Teale","second_party":"California","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-96832800,-96746400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50383"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-90352800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50384"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-118778400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53837"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn October 17, 1962, Ruth Elizabeth Chapman and Thomas LeRoy Teale registered at a motel in Fresno, California. At approximately 2:00 A.M. the following day, Chapman and Teale appeared at the Spot Club in Lodi. The only persons at the bar were Teale, Chapman, and the club\u2019s bartender, Billy Dean Adcock. A short time later, a witness observed three persons in front of the Spot Club: a woman of Chapman\u2019s general description and Adcock stood in front of the club\u2019s door, while a man resembling Teale stood behind Adcock while he apparently locked the door.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next day, the Spot Club\u2019s owner found the club in disarray; someone had broken into the cash register and approximately $260 was missing. Routine housekeeping tasks normally performed by Adcock were left undone. Later, Adcock body\u2019s was found in a remote area north of Lodi, half buried in an open roadside ditch. The time of death was approximately 3:00 AM on October 18th. Adcock was shot three times in the head. The bullets were fired from a .22 caliber weapon similar to one purchased by Chapman while with Teale in Reno, Nevada, six days before the killing. The gun was not found.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOfficers arrested Teale in New Orleans on November 2, 1962. He carried a gun purchased the same day as Chapman\u2019s .22 caliber weapon. An agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested Chapman in St. Joseph, Missouri on October 26, 1962. She gave conflicting accounts of her whereabouts on October 17 and 18, but a registration card from October 18 for occupancy of a motel room in Woodland, California was made out in her handwriting.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChapman and Teale were charged with the first degree murder of Adcock. A prisoner locked up with Teale testified that Teale did not plan on killing Adcock, but when Chapman and Teale released Adcock from their car outside of Lodi, Chapman shot him once in the back of the head and twice more when he was on the ground. Neither defendant appeared as a witness, but Chapman\u2019s conflicting testimony was introduced by direct examination of the FBI agent. The trial court instructed the jury that they could draw adverse conclusions from the defendants\u2019 failure to testify. The jury convicted both defendants of first degree murder. Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court held in \u003Ci\u003EGriffin v. State of California\u003C\/i\u003E that California\u2019s practice of allowing prosecutors to use defendants\u2019 silence against them violated the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. On appeal, however, the California Supreme Court held that the unconstitutional jury instruction was a harmless error because it did not result in a miscarriage of justice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Are all federal constitutional errors harmful?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Did it constitute a harmless constitutional error when prosecutors improperly commented on Chapman and Teale\u2019s failure to testify?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo and no. In an 8-1 decision written by Justice Hugo Black, the Court affirmed that there may be some constitutional errors so unimportant and insignificant that they are harmless. Justice Black noted that all fifty states have harmless error statutes or rules, and that Congress established a longstanding rule for federal courts that judgments should not be reversed for errors that do not affect parties\u2019 substantial rights.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Black determined that federal law must govern the application of a state harmless error rule; the Court cannot leave the formulation of rules protecting individuals from invasion by the states to those very same states. Justice Black then cited the holding from \u003Ci\u003EFahy v. State of Connecticut\u003C\/i\u003E, where the Court determined that an error is harmful if there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction. Here, the prosecution repeatedly told the jury that by their silence Chapman and Teale had served as irrefutable witnesses against themselves; absent these comments, reasonable jurors might well have returned a not-guilty verdict. Thus, the state had not demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that the prosecutions\u2019 comments did not contribute to Chapman and Teale\u2019s conviction, and the error was harmful.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart concurred, noting that the Court previously reversed all convictions of guilt when defendants had given involuntary confessions at trial. Justice Stewart rejected the notion that such constitutional violations could ever be harmless.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Harlan dissented, arguing that the state appellate court reasonably applied California\u2019s harmless error rule to sustain Chapman and Teale\u2019s conviction, and that California\u2019s harmless error rule was consistent with the guarantee of fundamental fairness in the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s Due Process Clause. Justice Harlan rejected the majority\u2019s assumption of a general supervisory power over the trial of federal constitutional issues, finding no source for that power in the Fourteenth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36190,"name":"Morris Lavine","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/morris_lavine","view_count":0,"last_name":"Lavine","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"morris_lavine"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22051"},{"advocate":{"ID":42947,"name":"Thomas C. Lynch","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/thomas_c_lynch","view_count":0,"last_name":"Lynch","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"thomas_c_lynch"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22052"},{"advocate":{"ID":21269,"name":"Doris H. Maier","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/doris_h_maier","view_count":0,"last_name":"Maier","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"doris_h_maier"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22053"},{"advocate":{"ID":62724,"name":"Raymond M. Momboisse","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/raymond_m_momboisse","view_count":0,"last_name":"Momboisse","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"raymond_m_momboisse"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/22054"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":15113,"title":"Oral Argument - December 08, 1966","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/15113"},{"id":15373,"title":"Oral Argument - December 07, 1966","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/15373"}],"citation":{"volume":"386","page":"18","year":"1967","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/26133"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},"vote":"minority","opinion_type":"dissent","joining":null,"seniority":5,"ideology":2.048,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199308"},{"member":{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"majority","joining":null,"seniority":2,"ideology":-0.42,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199309"},{"member":{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":3,"ideology":-7.124,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199310"},{"member":{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"special concurrence","joining":null,"seniority":7,"ideology":0.601,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199311"},{"member":{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":6,"ideology":-1.178,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199312"},{"member":{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":8,"ideology":-0.022,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199313"},{"member":{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":1,"ideology":-1.309,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199314"},{"member":{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":4,"ideology":0.161,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199315"},{"member":{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":9,"ideology":-1.564,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199316"}],"majority_vote":8,"minority_vote":1,"winning_party":"Chapman","decision_type":"majority opinion","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_decision\/case_decision\/15673"}],"first_party_label":"Petitioner","second_party_label":"Respondent","heard_by":[{"ID":15294,"name":"Warren Court (1965-1967)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/warren13","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"}],"court_start":-133902000,"images":[{"id":12263,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":36321,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/warren13.jpg"}],"identifier":"warren13"}],"decided_by":{"ID":15294,"name":"Warren Court (1965-1967)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/warren13","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"}],"court_start":-133902000,"images":[{"id":12263,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":36321,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/warren13.jpg"}],"identifier":"warren13"},"term":"1966","location":{"latitude":38.137108,"longitude":-121.260648,"name":"Former Spot Club Location","street":"220 N. Cherokee Lane","city":"Lodi","province":"CA","postal_code":null,"province_name":"California"},"opinion_announcement":null,"description":null,"written_opinion":[{"id":12811,"title":"Syllabus","author":null,"type":{"value":"syllabus","label":"Syllabus"},"justia_opinion_id":1946454,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/386\/18\/","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/12811"},{"id":12812,"title":"View Case","author":null,"type":{"value":"case","label":null},"justia_opinion_id":1946455,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/386\/18\/case.html","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/12812"}],"related_cases":null,"justia_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/386\/18\/","argument2_url":null}