{"ID":61483,"name":"Ginsberg v. New York","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1967\/47","view_count":0,"docket_number":"47","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Ginsberg","second_party":"New York","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-61840800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50563"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-53460000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/50564"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESam Ginsberg and his wife operated \u201cSam\u2019s Stationary and Luncheonette\u201d in Bellmore on Long Island in New York. They had a lunch counter that sold magazines, including some so-called \u201cgirlie\u201d magazines. On October 18, 1965, a sixteen-year-old boy entered the store and purchased copies of \u201cSir\u201d and \u201cMr. Annual\u201d; the purchase was instigated by the boy\u2019s parents to lay the grounds for Ginsberg\u2019s prosecution. On October 26, 1965, Ginsberg sold the same minor copies of \u201cMan to Man\u201d and \u201cEscapade\u201d at the instigation of a police officer. All of the magazines in question contained pictures of nudes, and \u201cEscapade\u201d and \u201cMr. Annual\u201d contained verbal descriptions and narrative accounts of sexual excitement and sexual conduct.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESection 484-h of New York\u2019s Penal Law prohibited the sale to persons under seventeen years of age of 1) pictures of nudity or sexual conduct or 2) literature containing narrative accounts or sexual excitement, if these materials were \u201charmful to minors.\u201d It defined \u201charmful to minors\u201d as that quality of any description or representation of nudity, sexual conduct, sexual excitement, or sadomasochistic abuse that 1) predominantly appealed to the prurient, shameful or morbid interest of minors, 2) was patently offensive to prevailing standards in the adult community with respect to what was suitable material for minors, and 3) was utterly without redeeming social importance for minors.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGinsberg was tried before a judge without a jury in Nassau County District Court and was found guilty on two counts of violating Section 484-h. The Appellate Term, Second Department of the New York Supreme Court affirmed his conviction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Did Section 484-h of New York\u2019s Penal Law violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments on its face because it restrained expression?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Was Section 484-h of the Penal Law unconstitutionally vague and uncertain on its face, in violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo and no. In a 6-3 decision written by Justice William Brennan, the Court held that Section 484-h did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments as a restriction on expression. Justice Brennan wrote that obscenity was not within the area of protected speech or press. He acknowledged that the magazines were not obscene for adults, but emphasized that Section 484-h did not prohibit Ginsberg from selling the magazines in question to persons seventeen years of age or older.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Brennan focused on Ginsberg\u2019s argument that the scope of the constitutional freedom to read material concerned with sex did not depend upon whether that person was an adult or a minor. He rejected Ginsberg\u2019s contention that Section 484-h was a violation of minors\u2019 constitutionally protected freedoms, characterizing Section 484-h as New York\u2019s attempt to adjust the assessment of obscenity in terms of the sexual interests of minors. Justice Brennan wrote that New York had an interest in the well-being of its children, and that this subject was within New York\u2019s constitutional power of regulation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Brennan also held that Section 484-h was not unconstitutionally void for vagueness. He rejected Ginsberg\u2019s argument that Section 484-h failed to give adequate notice of what was prohibited. The New York Court of Appeals previously read Section 484-h to prohibit knowingly selling obscene material to minors, and the Court also read a knowledge requirement into other similar state statutes. Justice Brennan also rejected Ginsberg\u2019s argument that the statute was impermissibly vague, as Section 484-h expressly stated that a defendant must be acquitted if he proved that he made a reasonable bona fide attempt to ascertain the true age of the minor in question.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart concurred. He argued that while the First Amendment protected men\u2019s freedom to decide what they will read and listen to, government regulation could extend to settings where a person lacked the capacity to make a choice. New York was free to determine that children were not possessed of a full capacity for individual choice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William Douglas dissented, joined by Justice Hugo Black. He acknowledged that the act was not a violation of substantive due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, but disagreed that obscene material was excluded from First Amendment protection.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Abraham Fortas dissented, arguing that the majority avoided the essence of the case\u2019s problem by failing to define obscenity for the purposes of the censorship of material sold to minors.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23029,"name":"Emanuel Redfield","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/emanuel_redfield","view_count":0,"last_name":"Redfield","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"emanuel_redfield"},"advocate_description":"for appellant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21876"},{"advocate":{"ID":44256,"name":"William Cahn","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_cahn","view_count":0,"last_name":"Cahn","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"william_cahn"},"advocate_description":"for appellee","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21877"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":15400,"title":"Oral Argument - January 16, 1968","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/15400"}],"citation":{"volume":"390","page":"629","year":"1968","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/26265"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. 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