{"ID":61334,"name":"United States v. Robel","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1967\/8","view_count":0,"docket_number":"8","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Eugene Frank Robel","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-98820000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52306"},{"event":"Reargued","dates":[-70398000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51964"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[-64951200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52305"}],"lower_court":{"ID":146,"name":"Federal district court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/federal_district_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EEugene Robel, a member of the Communist Party, was charged with violating the Subversive Activities Control Act when he remained an employee at the Todd Pacific Shipyards.  Under the Act, it was illegal for a member of the Party to remain employed at a location that the Secretary of Defense names as a \u201cdefense facility\u201d.  The district court dismissed the indictment because it did not allege that Robel was an active member of the Communist Party.  The district court felt that this provision of the Act violated the First Amendment right to association if it applied to inactive Party members.  The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit certified the case for direct appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Act\u2019s bar on Communist Party member employment in a \u201cdefense facility\u201d violate the First Amendment right of association?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes.  In a 6-2 decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote for the majority holding that the \u201cdefense facility\u201d employment provision was an unconstitutional abridgment of the right of association even if it applied only to active Party members.  The Supreme Court held that the provision was overbroad and the war power does not give Congress a blank slate to do whatever it wants. Justice William J. Brennan concurred in the judgment, writing that Congress\u2019 delegation of authority in designating defense facilities to the Secretary of Defense was unconstitutional because they provided no meaningful standards for the Secretary to follow. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote a dissent, stating that the Communist Party\u2019s goal of government overthrow justified the ban on employment in defense facilities.  Justice John M. Harlan joined in the dissent.  Justice Thurgood Marshall did not participate.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":33912,"name":"Kevin T. Maroney","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/kevin_t_maroney","view_count":0,"last_name":"Maroney","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"kevin_t_maroney"},"advocate_description":"argued and reargued for the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21117"},{"advocate":{"ID":28815,"name":"John J. Abt","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_j_abt","view_count":0,"last_name":"Abt","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"john_j_abt"},"advocate_description":"argued and reargued for the appellee","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21118"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":14846,"title":"Oral Reargument - October 09, 1967","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/14846"},{"id":15269,"title":"Oral Argument - November 14, 1966","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/15269"}],"citation":{"volume":"389","page":"258","year":"1967","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/26116"},"decisions":[{"description":"\u00a7 5(a)(1)(D) of the Subversive Activities Control Act abridged Robel\u0027s right of association under the First Amendment","votes":[{"member":{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},"vote":"minority","opinion_type":"none","joining":[{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"}],"seniority":4,"ideology":1.475,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199182"},{"member":{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":2,"ideology":-0.095,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199183"},{"member":{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":3,"ideology":-7.269,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199184"},{"member":{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":6,"ideology":-0.105,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199185"},{"member":{"ID":15104,"name":"Thurgood Marshall","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/thurgood_marshall","view_count":0,"last_name":"Marshall","roles":[{"id":2748,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-71002800,"date_end":686293200,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2748"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32770,"mime":"image\/png","size":59272,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/thurgood_marshall\/thurgood_marshall.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8765,"identifier":"thurgood_marshall"},"vote":"none","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":9,"ideology":-1.256,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199186"},{"member":{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"special concurrence","joining":null,"seniority":5,"ideology":-1.308,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199187"},{"member":{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},"vote":"minority","opinion_type":"dissent","joining":null,"seniority":7,"ideology":0.247,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199188"},{"member":{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"majority","joining":null,"seniority":1,"ideology":-1.322,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199189"},{"member":{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"none","joining":null,"seniority":8,"ideology":-1.479,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/199190"}],"majority_vote":6,"minority_vote":2,"winning_party":"Robel","decision_type":"majority opinion","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_decision\/case_decision\/15659"}],"first_party_label":"Appellant","second_party_label":"Appellee","heard_by":[{"ID":15294,"name":"Warren Court (1965-1967)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/warren13","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15083,"name":"Tom C. Clark","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/tom_c_clark","view_count":0,"last_name":"Clark","roles":[{"id":2727,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-642366000,"date_end":-80679600,"appointing_president":"Harry S. Truman","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2727"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32771,"mime":"image\/png","size":50879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/tom_c_clark\/tom_c_clark.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6501,"identifier":"tom_c_clark"},{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"}],"court_start":-133902000,"images":[{"id":12263,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":36321,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/warren13.jpg"}],"identifier":"warren13"}],"decided_by":{"ID":15305,"name":"Warren Court (1967-1969)","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/warren15","view_count":0,"members":[{"ID":15099,"name":"Earl Warren","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/earl_warren","view_count":0,"last_name":"Warren","roles":[{"id":2743,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-512503200,"date_end":-16570800,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Chief Justice of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2743"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32704,"mime":"image\/png","size":50444,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/earl_warren\/earl_warren.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":5740,"identifier":"earl_warren"},{"ID":15089,"name":"Hugo L. Black","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/hugo_l_black","view_count":0,"last_name":"Black","roles":[{"id":2733,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-1021489200,"date_end":53931600,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2733"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32719,"mime":"image\/png","size":51667,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/hugo_l_black\/hugo_l_black.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12447,"identifier":"hugo_l_black"},{"ID":15107,"name":"William O. Douglas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_o_douglas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Douglas","roles":[{"id":2751,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-969127200,"date_end":185004000,"appointing_president":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2751"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32781,"mime":"image\/png","size":56651,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_o_douglas\/william_o_douglas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":13358,"identifier":"william_o_douglas"},{"ID":15097,"name":"John M. Harlan II","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_m_harlan2","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harlan","roles":[{"id":2741,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-465933600,"date_end":54450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2741"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32728,"mime":"image\/png","size":53784,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_m_harlan2\/john_m_harlan2.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":6023,"identifier":"john_m_harlan2"},{"ID":15140,"name":"William J. Brennan, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Brennan","roles":[{"id":2786,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-416862000,"date_end":648450000,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2786"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32778,"mime":"image\/png","size":56873,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/william_j_brennan_jr\/william_j_brennan_jr.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12330,"identifier":"william_j_brennan_jr"},{"ID":15043,"name":"Potter Stewart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/potter_stewart","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stewart","roles":[{"id":2687,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-353962800,"date_end":362984400,"appointing_president":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2687"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32752,"mime":"image\/png","size":56350,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/potter_stewart\/potter_stewart.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8298,"identifier":"potter_stewart"},{"ID":15071,"name":"Byron R. White","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/byron_r_white","view_count":0,"last_name":"White","roles":[{"id":2715,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-243367200,"date_end":741243600,"appointing_president":"John F. Kennedy","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2715"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32699,"mime":"image\/png","size":55559,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/byron_r_white\/byron_r_white.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":11396,"identifier":"byron_r_white"},{"ID":15061,"name":"Abe Fortas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/abe_fortas","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fortas","roles":[{"id":2705,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-133902000,"date_end":-20026800,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2705"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32693,"mime":"image\/png","size":50111,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/abe_fortas\/abe_fortas.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":1318,"identifier":"abe_fortas"},{"ID":15104,"name":"Thurgood Marshall","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/thurgood_marshall","view_count":0,"last_name":"Marshall","roles":[{"id":2748,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-71002800,"date_end":686293200,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. Johnson","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2748"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32770,"mime":"image\/png","size":59272,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/thurgood_marshall\/thurgood_marshall.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8765,"identifier":"thurgood_marshall"}],"court_start":-71002800,"images":[{"id":78537,"mime":"image\/jpeg","size":1000283,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/courts\/warren15.jpg"}],"identifier":"warren15"},"term":"1967","location":{"latitude":47.585355,"longitude":-122.355622,"name":"Todd Pacific Shipyards","street":"1801 16th Avenue Southwest","city":"Seattle","province":"WA","postal_code":null,"province_name":"Washington"},"opinion_announcement":null,"description":null,"written_opinion":[{"id":12623,"title":"Syllabus","author":null,"type":{"value":"syllabus","label":"Syllabus"},"justia_opinion_id":1946882,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/389\/258\/","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/12623"},{"id":12624,"title":"View Case","author":null,"type":{"value":"case","label":null},"justia_opinion_id":1946883,"justia_opinion_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/389\/258\/case.html","judge_full_name":null,"judge_last_name":null,"title_overwrite":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_document\/written_opinion\/12624"}],"related_cases":null,"justia_url":"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/389\/258\/","argument2_url":null}