{"ID":61887,"name":"Brady v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1969\/270","view_count":0,"docket_number":"270","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Robert M. Brady ","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-3780000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51178"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[10645200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51179"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-16570800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53641"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ERobert M. Brady pleaded not guilty to kidnapping.  After learning that his codefendant confessed and would be available to testify against him, Brady changed his plea to guilty.  The crime had a maximum penalty of death, but a U.S. statute allowed the death penalty only if the verdict of a jury recommends.  The judge sentenced him to 50 years in prison.  The sentence was later reduced to 30 years.  8 years later, Brady sought relief in U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico, claiming his guilty plea was not voluntarily given because the possibility of the death penalty coerced his plea.  The district court denied relief and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit affirmed, finding that Brady changed his plea because of the codefendants actions.  The court held that an intervening decision \u003Ci\u003EUnited States v. Jackson\u003C\/i\u003E, which held the death penalty unconstitutional because it imposes an impermissible burden on an accused\u2019s Fifth Amendment right to not plead guilty and Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, did not apply.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EShould \u003Ci\u003EUnited States v. Jackson\u003C\/i\u003E be applied retroactively to guilty pleas entered prior to that decision?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDid the death penalty needlessly encourage Brady to plead guilty in violation of the Fifth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, No.  Justice Byron R. White, writing for five members of the court, affirmed.  The Supreme Court held that \u003Ci\u003EUnited States v. Jackson\u003C\/i\u003E does not require every guilty plea to be overturned when fear of death was a factor in the plea.  The voluntariness of the plea is determined by considering all of the relevant circumstances.  While Brady may have been partially motivated by a desire to avoid the death penalty, the guilty plea was voluntarily made with the advice of competent counsel.  Justice Hugo L. Black concurred in the judgment and substantially all of the opinion, but expressed his belief that \u003Ci\u003EUnited States v. Jackson\u003C\/i\u003E was wrongly decided.  Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. concurred in the result, because there was no evidence that fear of the death penalty played a substantial role in Brady\u2019s decision.  Justice Brennan also expressed that the court\u2019s method of analysis was unclear.  Justice William O. Douglas and Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the concurrence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37659,"name":"Peter J. Adang","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/peter_j_adang","view_count":0,"last_name":"Adang","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"peter_j_adang"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21855"},{"advocate":{"ID":29797,"name":"Joseph J. 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