{"ID":61946,"name":"Evans v. Abney","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1969\/60","view_count":0,"docket_number":"60","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Reverend E.S. Evans et al. ","second_party":"Guyton G. Abney et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-4298400,-4212000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51279"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[2181600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51280"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-20804400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53543"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1911, U.S. Senator A. O. Bacon conveyed land to the city of Macon, Georgia through a testamentary trust for the purpose of providing a park for white persons only.  The city operated the park in that manner, but after passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, people of all races were permitted to use the park.  The managers of the park attempted to have the city removed as the trustee because it could no longer legally enforce racial segregation.  The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of African American citizens who intervened, holding that the public nature of the park required that it be treated as a public institution subject to the Fourteenth Amendment regardless of who owned the park.  The trustees of Bacon\u2019s estate then moved for a ruling that the trust was unenforceable, because racial segregation was no longer permitted, so the property should revert to Bacon\u2019s heirs.  The trial court granted the motion, holding that racial segregation was an integral part of the trust, so the court could not simply amend the trust.  The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen an individual leaves land in a testamentary trust for use by whites only, are the Fourteenth Amendment rights of African Americans infringed if the court orders the land to revert back to the individual\u2019s heirs rather than amend the trust to allow use by people of all races?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo.  Justice Lewis F. Black, writing for a 5-2 majority, affirmed the Georgia court.  The Supreme Court held that the Georgia court did no more than apply well-settled principles of Georgia law.  The court had no alternative but to end the trust under Georgia\u2019s racially neutral trust laws.  There was no indication that the Georgia judges had any discriminatory intent.  The fact that the park managers and heirs may have had a discriminatory motivation in pursuing the dissolution of the trust did not create an Equal Protection Clause violation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William O. Douglas dissented, arguing that Bacon\u2019s will left all remainders and reversions to the city, not his heirs and the purpose of the will was to dedicate the land for municipal use.  Amending the trust to allow the park to be used by everyone would carry out that purpose better than allowing the land to revert to Bacon\u2019s heirs who would close the park.  Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. also dissented, arguing that closing a public facility because the public authority that owned it could not keep it segregated violated the Equal Protection Clause. Justice Thurgood Marshall did not participate.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":32207,"name":"James M. 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