{"ID":61855,"name":"Baird v. State Bar of Arizona","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1970\/15","view_count":0,"docket_number":"15","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Sara Baird","second_party":"State Bar of Arizona","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[-2052000,-1965600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52349"},{"event":"Reargued","dates":[24728400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52014"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[36136800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52348"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[-23220000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53609"}],"lower_court":{"ID":24,"name":"Arizona Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/24"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESara Baird graduated from law school at Stanford University in 1967 and passed the bar examination in Arizona. Among the questions asked by the Arizona Bar Committee, she answered Question 25, which requested that she list all of the organizations to which she has belonged since the age of 16. She declined to answer Question 27, which asked whether she \u201chad ever been a member of the Communist party or any organization \u2018that advocates overthrow of the United States Government by force or violence.\u2019\u201d Because she did not answer that question, the Committee did not process her application any further. The Arizona Supreme Court denied Baird\u2019s petition for the Bar Committee to show cause why she should be denied admittance to the State Bar of Arizona. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the First Amendment protect against state inquiries into personal beliefs for the purpose of excluding a person from a profession?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Hugo L. Black delivered the opinion of the 5-4 majority. The Court held that the First Amendment protection of freedom of association prevents a state from denying a person access to a profession based on the exercise of that right. In order for a state to investigate a person\u2019s beliefs for the sake of employment, the state must show the inquiry is necessary \u201cto protect a legitimate state interest.\u201d The Court held that the petitioner had already provided the Bar Committee with enough relevant information about her membership in associations. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart wrote a concurring opinion where he argued that such a state inquiry must distinguish between being a member of an organization and actively supporting the actions of an anti-governmental group.  He also held that the question on the State Bar Application was unconstitutional because it was clearly used to deny admission to the Bar based on objectionable beliefs. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harry A. Blackmun wrote a dissenting opinion. He argued that the First Amendment allows a state to make inquiries into the beliefs that will directly impact a professional\u2019s ability to perform the duties of the job. Because a lawyer is an officer of the court, beliefs regarding the government are relevant to the Bar Committee\u2019s inquiry. He wrote that, although being a lawyer is a privilege and not a right, nothing indicated that the Bar Committee would have refused Baird admission to the Bar had she answered the question in the affirmative. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Justice John M. Harlan, and Justice Byron R. White joined in the dissent. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissenting opinion, Justice Byron R. White wrote that state Bars had a legitimate interest in preventing applicants who wish to overthrow the United States government from practicing law. He argued that there was no constitutional basis to prevent a state from making relevant inquiries into beliefs that could influence an applicant\u2019s performance of his\/her duties.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37752,"name":"Peter D. 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