{"ID":62084,"name":"Law Students Civil Rights Research Council, Inc. v. Wadmond","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1970\/49","view_count":0,"docket_number":"49","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Law Students Civil Rights Research Council, Inc., et al.","second_party":"Lowell Wadmond, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[24814800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51510"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[36136800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51511"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[972000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53553"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe requirements to be eligible for admission to the Bar in New York included that the applicant must be a citizen of the United States, have lived in the state of New York for six months, and passed a written examination. In addition, the Bar required the creation of Committees on Character and Fitness to determine whether an applicant \u201cpossesses the character and general fitness requisite for an attorney and counselor-at-law.\u201d The Committees required two affidavits in support of the applicant and a questionnaire filled out by the applicant. The petitioners were organizations and individuals representing a class of law students and recent law school graduates who sued two of the Committees by claiming that the vague and overbroad questions violated the applicants\u2019 First Amendment rights. The questions related to the applicants\u2019 political beliefs, membership in political association, and loyalty to the United States Constitution. A three-judge panel of the district court granted partial relief with respect to specific questions but sustained the validity of the New York system as a whole.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the New York system for admission to the state bar violate applicants\u2019 First Amendment rights?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Potter Stewart delivered the opinion of the 5-4 majority. The Court held that the character and fitness requirement has long been understood to refer to conduct which would be dishonorable in a legal setting and therefore is not overbroad. The Court also held that there was no burden of proof placed on the applicant, and there was no evidence of any intent to penalize political beliefs. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John M. Harlan wrote a concurring opinion in which he argued that a state had every right to refuse entrance to the bar to any applicant who professed a desire to overthrow the government or belonged to a group with those goals. While the First Amendment protects the applicants from being refused admission based on unpopular beliefs, it does not prevent them from being questioned about relevant issues.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Hugo L. Black wrote a dissenting opinion and argued that, when depriving an applicant of her right to practice law, a State must be held to a higher standard than when the state wishes to deprive someone of property. Because a state would never ask the same questions of a potential homeowner, the questions are not appropriate in a legal professional context either. Justice Black argued that, even if an applicant were to profess allegiance to a group that wishes to overthrow the government, those beliefs are protected by the First Amendment. Justice William O. Douglas joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissent, Justice Thurgood Marshall argued that the techniques the New York Committees use are intended to weed out political undesirables. He also argued that past practice illustrates that the understanding of the phrase is not narrow enough to prevent First Amendment violations.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37075,"name":"Norman Dorsen","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/norman_dorsen","view_count":0,"last_name":"Dorsen","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"norman_dorsen"},"advocate_description":"for the appellants","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/21780"},{"advocate":{"ID":21349,"name":"David W. 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