{"ID":62137,"name":"Connell v. Higginbotham","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1970\/79","view_count":0,"docket_number":"79","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"James Higginbotham","second_party":"Stella Connell","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[27842400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51606"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[45118800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51607"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EStella Connell applied for a teaching position with the Orange County school system, where James Higginbotham was the superintendent of the Board of Public Instruction. Connell was employed as a substitute teacher, and later dismissed from her position for refusing to sign the loyalty oath required of all Florida public employees. The oath stated that the employees \u201cwill support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Florida\u201d and \u201cdo not believe in the overthrow of the government of the United States or of the State of Florida by force or violence.\u201d The district court held that the provision of the oath that employees will support the Constitution is valid, but the provision not to overthrow the government is unconstitutional. Connell appealed directly to the Supreme Court.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the requirement of a pledge to support the Constitution of the United States and the state invalid?\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoes a school board\u2019s decision to dismiss an employee based on the refusal to sign the loyalty oath denying belief in the overthrow of the United States government or that of the state violate the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment?\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, yes. In a per curiam opinion, the Court held that requiring all employee applicants to pledge to support the federal Constitution and that of the state was valid because it demands no more than what is required of all state and federal employees. However, the Court held the dismissal from public employment for refusing to sign the oath without hearing or inquiry violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall wrote a concurring opinion in which he stated the \u201coverthrow\u201d clause of the oath was invalid because the state could not show that an applicant believed in an overthrow. Justice William O. Douglas and Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. joined in the concurrence. Justice Potter Stewart wrote an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which he agreed the with the validity of the section of the oath that required support of the federal and state Constitutions. 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