{"ID":50689,"name":"Kirby v. Illinois","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1971\/70-5061","view_count":0,"docket_number":"70-5061","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Thomas Kirby","second_party":"Illinois","timeline":[{"event":"Reargued","dates":[69919200,70005600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51743"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[76741200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52057"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[58687200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52058"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[43909200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53649"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EWilliam Shard reported to the Chicago police that two men stole his wallet.  The wallet contained traveler\u2019s checks and his social security card, among other things.  The next day, two police officers stopped Thomas Kirby and his friend, Ralph Bean.  When asked for identification, Kirby produced Shard\u2019s wallet.  The officers arrested Kirby and Bean and brought them to the Maxwell Street Police Station.  Once there, the officers learned about Shard\u2019s robbery and sent a car to pick up Shard and bring him to the station.  Without an attorney present, police asked Shard if Kirby and Bean were his robbers.  Shard instantly gave a positive identification.   Kirby and Bean were not indicted until almost 6 weeks later.  At trial, Kirby unsuccessfully attempted to suppress Shard\u2019s identification.  The jury found Kirby guilty and the Appellate Court of Illinois, First District affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes due process require that an accused be advised of his right to counsel before an identification that takes place before the accused has been charged formally?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo.  Justice Potter Stewart, writing for a four justice plurality, delivered the judgment of the court.  The plurality expressed that there is no constitutional right to counsel for an identification that takes place before the accused is indicted or formally charged.  For this reason, the Exclusionary Rule does not apply, and the identification can be admitted at trial.  Chief Justice Warren E. Burger concurred, emphasizing that the right to counsel does not attach until an accused is formally charged.  Justice Lewis F. Powell concurred in the judgment, agreeing that the Exclusionary Rule does not apply.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan dissented, arguing that prior Supreme Court Exclusionary Rule precedent just happened to cover post-indictment identifications, but the reasons for using the Rule are the same in pre-indictment cases.  Justice William O. Douglas and Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the dissent.  Justice Byron R. White dissented, arguing that the Exclusionary Rule applies in this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36726,"name":"Michael P. Seng","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/michael_p_seng","view_count":0,"last_name":"Seng","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"michael_p_seng"},"advocate_description":"for petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/8612"},{"advocate":{"ID":33731,"name":"James B. 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