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Gravel also arranged for the private publication of the papers by the Beacon Press. A federal grand jury subpoenaed Leonard Rodberg, one of Gravel\u0027s aides, to testify about his role in the acquisition and publication of the papers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the subpoena of Senator Gravel\u0027s aide violate the Speech and Debate Clause of Article I of the Constitution?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. The Court held that because the work of aides was critical to the performance of legislative tasks and duties, they were nothing less than legislators\u0027 \u0022alter egos\u0022 and thus immune from subpoenas by the Speech and Debate Clause. Aides were exempted from grand jury questioning so long as Senators invoked the privilege on their behalf. 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