{"ID":50941,"name":"Committee for Public Education \u0026 Religious Liberty v. Nyquist","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1972\/72-694","view_count":0,"docket_number":"72-694","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Committee for Public Education \u0026 Religious Liberty","second_party":"Ewald B. Nyquist, Commissioner of Education of New York","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[103788000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31217"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[109832400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31218"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ENew York enacted Chapter 414 of its Education and Tax Laws, which created aid programs for nonpublic elementary and secondary schools. These amendments included Section 1, which provided a grant for the maintenance and repair of schools that served many low-income students; Section 2, which provided tuition reimbursement for low-income parents; and Sections 3, 4, and 5, which provided tax relief for parents who did not qualify for tuition reimbursement. After the institution of these amendments, the Campaign for Public Education and Religious Liberty challenged the amendments in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that these amendments violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The District Court held that Sections 1 and 2 violated the Establishment Clause, but not Sections 3, 4, and 5.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid Sections 1-5 of Chapter 414 of New York\u0027s Education and Tax Laws violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes to all sections. In a 6-3 decision, the Court affirmed the District Court on maintenance grant and tuition reimbursement and reversed the District Court on income tax relief. The Court cited earlier decisions that established that under the Establishment Clause, a law must \u0022first, reflect a clearly secular legislative purpose, second, must have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion, and third, must avoid excessive government entanglement with religion.\u0022 Writing for the majority, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. acknowledged that New York\u0027s interest in creating a positive educational environment was a clearly secular purpose. Section 1, however, did not limit the use of the grants towards maintaining facilities used for secular purposes. This distinguished Section 1 from other aid programs approved by the Court in the past in \u003Cem\u003EBoard of Education v. Allen\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003ETilton v. Richardson\u003C\/em\u003E. Since \u0022all or practically all\u0022 of the schools that qualified were affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, the maintenance grants would \u0022subsidize and advance the religious mission of sectarian schools\u0022 in violation of the Establishment Clause. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Justice William H. Rehnquist concurred in this part of the judgment. The Court also struck down Section 2, as the tuition reimbursements did not \u0022guarantee the separation between secular and religious educational functions.\u0022 While the Court recognized the possibility that reimbursement money would not end up in the hands of religious schools, the grants would attempt to \u0022enhance the opportunities of the poor to choose between public and nonpublic education,\u0022 which would advance religion. Lastly, the Court reversed the District Court with regard to Sections 3, 4, and 5, ruling that effect of tax relief was similar to that of the tuition reimbursement and therefore unconstitutional. The Court in \u003Cem\u003EWalz v. Tax Commission\u003C\/em\u003E upheld New York\u0027s property tax exemptions for religious organizations. However, the tax exemption was designed to prevent government oppression of religion through taxation, not for the promotion of religion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":34959,"name":"Leo Pfeffer","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/leo_pfeffer","view_count":0,"last_name":"Pfeffer","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"leo_pfeffer"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for appellants in No. 72-694 and for appellees in Nos. 72-753, 72-791, and 72-929","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/9123"},{"advocate":{"ID":29612,"name":"Jean M. 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