{"ID":51026,"name":"Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1973\/72-1040","view_count":0,"docket_number":"72-1040","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Communist Party of Indiana, et al.","second_party":"Edgar D. Whitcomb, etc., at al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[119595600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31372"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[126939600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31373"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1972, the Communist Party of Indiana, a new political party, wished to place its candidates for President and Vice President of the United States on the ballot. The Indiana State Election Board rejected its application to do so until the officers of the party had filed an affidavit stating that the party did not advocate the overthrow of local, state, or national government by force or violence. The Communist Party of Indiana sued State Election Board and its members and sought an injunction that would require the Board to place the candidates on the ballot. The district court found the policy constitutional and required the Communist Party of Indiana to submit an affidavit to that effect. The Board found the Party\u2019s affidavit unsatisfactory and again rejected it. The Party sought an injunction requiring the Board to accept the affidavit, and the district court denied the motion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes Indiana\u2019s policy requiring any new political party to file a loyalty oath signed by its officers violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the opinion of the 9-0 majority. The Court held that states may not interfere with the right to associate with the political party of one\u2019s choice without proof that the political party was inciting immediate lawless action. Such action on the parts of the states prevented the effective casting of ballots, which violated basic civil and political rights, and was not in the best interests of the states.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his opinion concurring in judgment, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. wrote that the facts of the case showed that Indian did not require affidavits from the two main political parties. Because the policy represented a discriminatory preference without any justification, it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Justice Harry A. Blackmun, and Justice William H. Rehnquist joined in the opinion concurring in judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":41969,"name":"Sanford Jay Rosen","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sanford_jay_rosen","view_count":0,"last_name":"Rosen","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"sanford_jay_rosen"},"advocate_description":"for appellants","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/9292"},{"advocate":{"ID":43343,"name":"Theodore L. 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