{"ID":51062,"name":"Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1973\/72-777","view_count":0,"docket_number":"72-777","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Cleveland Board of Education, Chesterfield County School Board, Dr. Robert F. Kelly","second_party":"Jo Carol LaFleur, Ann Elizabeth Nelson, Susan Cohen","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[119509200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31439"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[127976400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31440"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ECarol Jo LaFleur was a teacher at Patrick Henry Junior High School in Cleveland, Ohio. She was forced to discontinue her duties on March 12, 1971 because the Cleveland School Board required every teacher to take maternity leave without pay five months before the expected date of birth. The board also ruled that a teacher could not return from maternity leave until 1) the next school semester began, 2) the teacher obtained a certificate from her physician showing good medical health, and 3) the newborn child was three months old.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnn Elizabeth Nelson was a French teacher at Central Junior High School, also in Cleveland. She reported her pregnancy to the school\u0027s principal on January 29, 1971, and applied for maternity leave. Both LaFleur and Nelson wanted to continue teaching until the end of the school year, but were forced to leave in March 1971. LaFleur and Nelson filed separate suits in district court challenging the constitutionality of the school boards\u0027 maternity leave rules; the court tried their cases together, and held that the board\u0027s policies were constitutional. A divided panel of the United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, reversed, concluding that the mandatory leave policy violated the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s equal protection clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESusan Cohen was a social studies teacher at Midlothian High School in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Cohen notified the Chesterfield School Board that she was pregnant on November 2, 1970. The board\u0027s rule required pregnant teachers to go on maternity leave at the end of their fifth month, but allowed re-employment the next school year upon submission of a medical certificate from the teacher\u0027s physician. Cohen\u0027s obstetrician believed that she was fit to continue working, but the school board denied Cohen\u0027s request for an extension. Cohen challenged the constitutionality of Chesterfield County\u0027s rule in district court, which held that the regulation violated the equal protection clause. The United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, affirmed, but on rehearing en banc, the court upheld the constitutionality of the regulation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Did both school boards\u0027 policies terminating teachers\u0027 employment in their fourth or fifth month of pregnancy violate the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Did the Cleveland School Board\u0027s policy preventing LaFleur and Nelson from returning to work until their children were three months old violate the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. Did the Chesterfield School Board\u0027s policy allowing Cohen to resume employment after maternity leave only upon submission of a certificate of medical health by her physician violate the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, yes and no. Writing for a 7-2 majority, Justice Potter Stewart held that the school boards\u0027 regulations requiring pregnant teachers to stop working after the fifth month of their pregnancies violated the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s due process clause. Justice Stewart emphasized that the Court extends strong protection to individuals\u0027 freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life. He pointed to both boards\u0027 requirements that pregnant teachers provide advance notice of their condition, arguing that this was in itself sufficient to preserve continuity in classroom instruction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stewart then turned to the school boards\u0027 claim that the rules were required because some pregnant teachers became physically incapable of teaching. He reasoned that these rules amounted to an irrebuttable presumption that every teacher in her fourth or fifth month of pregnancy was incapable of teaching. He also rejected the boards\u0027 argument that the rules were necessary for administrative convenience, concluding that administrative efficiency was not a sufficiently important interest to validate what was otherwise a violation of due process.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stewart also held that the Cleveland School Board\u0027s eligibility restriction based on the age of the newborn child violated the due process clause because the board failed to show a reasonable justification for this regulation. In contrast, the Chesterfield School Board only required that teachers demonstrate good health, guaranteeing them re-employment by the beginning of the next school year. This was a reasonable and narrow method of protecting the school\u0027s interest in teacher fitness.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Louis Powell concurred in the result. He questioned the majority\u0027s conclusion that some of the maternity leave requirements amounted to an irrebuttable presumption of unfitness. Instead, Justice Powell argued that the board\u0027s classifications violated the female teachers\u0027 right to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment because they were not rationally related to the school\u0027s legitimate interest in fostering continuity of teaching.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William Rehnquist, joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger, dissented. He argued that while the school boards\u0027 rules may have been arbitrary in particular cases, this was not enough to show that the rules themselves were unconstitutional. He noted that both parties conceded that the probability of physical impairment increased as a pregnancy advanced, and suggested that the line drawn by the boards was not irrational.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":38014,"name":"Philip J. 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