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The Republic named \u201cinterventors\u201d to take over and run the businesses.  The interventors continued to ship cigars to foreign purchasers, including in the U.S., and some purchasers mistakenly paid money owed to the original owners for cigars shipped before the takeover.  The interventors refused to return the money.  The original owners fled to New York and sued the purchasers for trademark infringement and compensation for money paid to the interventors for past shipments.  The district court held that the 1960 intervention was an \u201cact of state\u201d so U.S. courts had no power in the matter.  Under the act of state doctrine, the courts of a sovereign cannot question the acts of another sovereign within its own borders.  The court did, however, have power over the amounts mistakenly paid for pre-intervention shipments.  The purchasers were entitled to set off their mistaken payments against amounts due for post intervention shipments.  One purchaser, who was entitled to more than it owed, received an affirmative judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part.  The court held that the 1960 act was an \u201cact of state\u201d, but also held that the interventor\u0027s refusal to pay back the mistaken payments was also an act of state.  The purchasers could still set off the amount they were entitled to against the amount they owed, but the court reversed the ruling for the one purchaser who received an affirmative judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the interventor\u2019s refusal to return money mistakenly paid to them an act of state that cannot be questioned in U.S. courts?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo.  In a 5-4 decision, Justice Byron R. White wrote the majority opinion reversing the lower judgment.  The Supreme Court held that the record contained no evidence to support an act of state.  There was no statute, decree or order by the Cuban Government refusing to pay, only a statement by the interventor\u2019s counsel during trial.  The interventors did not possess governmental power just because the Cuban government appointed them.  The affirmative judgment for the one purchaser was restored.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Lewis F. Powell wrote a concurrence, expressing that even in cases involving purely political matters, the courts must decide for themselves whether abstention is necessary, and it was not necessary in this case.  Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a concurrence, agreeing that the act of state doctrine did not bar the judgment in favor of the purchasers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall wrote a dissent, stating that the interventor\u2019s refusal to pay over the mistaken funds was an act of state regardless of the lack of an express decree by the Cuban government.  Justice William J. 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