{"ID":51355,"name":"United States v. Watson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1975\/74-538","view_count":0,"docket_number":"74-538","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Henry Ogle Watson","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[181976400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31982"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[191484000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31983"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[161935200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53502"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn August 17, 1972, a postal inspector received information from an informant that the respondent, Henry Ogle Watson, was in possession of stolen credit cards. The informant had provided the inspector with reliable information in the past, and, later that day, provided the inspector with a stolen card. The inspector asked the informant to arrange another meeting with Watson to deliver more stolen cards. At the meeting on August 23, when the informant gave the signal, officers revealed themselves and arrested Watson. The officers read Watson his Miranda warning and searched him but did not find the cards on his person. They asked to search his car, and Watson gave them permission. In the car, officers found two stolen cards. Watson was then charged with four counts of possessing stolen mail. Prior to the trial, Watson moved to suppress the cards by claiming his arrest was illegal because there was no warrant, and that the search of his car was involuntary because he was not informed that he could withhold consent. The motion was denied and Watson was convicted.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed and held that the arrest was unconstitutional because the postal inspector had sufficient time to obtain a warrant but failed to do so. The Court of Appeals also held that the subsequent search was coerced and hence unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the arrest and following search of the respondent\u2019s car violate his Fourth Amendment rights?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Byron R. White delivered the opinion of the 6-2 majority. The Court held that postal inspectors have the power to execute an arrest without a warrant when there is probable cause. Congress has granted this power to several federal agencies, not just the postal service. Because Watson\u2019s arrest was constitutional, the search of his car was not the product of an illegal arrest. The Court held that there was no evidence that Watson was coerced into agreeing to the car search.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Justice Lewis F. Powell wrote that there was established historical precedent for warrantless arrests. He also argued that interpreting the Fourth Amendment as always requiring a warrant prior to arrest would severely and negatively impact effective law enforcement. Justice Potter Stewart wrote a concurring opinion where he argued that the arrest occurred with probable cause, in broad daylight, in a public place and thus did not violate the Fourth Amendment. He also held that the majority\u2019s decision in this case does not set any precedent regarding under what circumstances an officer may make a warrantless arrest in a private place.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall wrote a dissent and argued that the majority\u2019s opinion grants police broad powers to make warrantless arrests and breaks with precedents already set regarding the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment. He argued that the majority\u2019s opinion goes beyond the bounds of the case in question and misinterprets common law history. He wrote that the Fourth Amendment was intended to protect people, not places, and that the interests of the people would be best served with a warrant requirement. The warrant requirement would not unduly burden the police because there is no reason to assume that it would cause any delay in an arrest, unless exigent circumstances are present, in which case the arrest may be made without a warrant. He also argued that the government did not meet its burden to show that Watson\u2019s consent was not coerced. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens took no part in the discussion or decision in this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36417,"name":"Michael D. Nasatir","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/michael_d_nasatir","view_count":0,"last_name":"Nasatir","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"michael_d_nasatir"},"advocate_description":"for respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/10013"},{"advocate":{"ID":15933,"name":"Mr. Andrew L. 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