{"ID":51349,"name":"Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1975\/74-730","view_count":0,"docket_number":"74-730","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"John C. Roemer, III, et al.","second_party":"Board of Public Works of Maryland et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[193903200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31972"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[204181200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/31973"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[161935200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53636"}],"lower_court":{"ID":146,"name":"Federal district court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/federal_district_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EA 1971 statute enacted in Maryland authorized the payment of state funds to any private higher education institute that met a set of minimum criteria and refrained from awarding \u201conly seminarian or theological degrees.\u201d The grants were noncategorical, but they could not be used for sectarian purposes, as per a 1972 provision. At the end of every fiscal year, the institution that received the aid must report all financial transactions and identify the nonsectarian expenditures within those transactions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFour Maryland taxpayers sued to challenge the constitutionality of the statute and argued that the statute benefited certain church-affiliated institutions that are constitutionally ineligible for this form of aid under the First Amendment. The district court applied the three-part test from \u003Cem\u003ELemon v. Kurtzman\u00a0\u003C\/em\u003E\u2015 which asks whether the state aid has a secular purpose, a primary effect other than the advancement of religion, and doesn\u2019t excessively entangle the state in church affairs \u2015 and determined that the statute was constitutional.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid a 1971 statute that allocated Maryland taxpayer money to private religiously-affiliated schools for \u201cnonsectarian\u201d purposes violate the First Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EA 1971 statute that allocated Maryland taxpayer money to private religiously-affiliated schools for \u201cnonsectarian\u201d purposes did not violate the First Amendment. Justice Harry A. Blackmun delivered the 5-4 majority opinion. The Court held that the law passed the \u201cLemon Test\u201d from the Court\u2019s decision in \u003Cem\u003ELemon v. Kurtzman\u003C\/em\u003E. The majority concluded that funds given to private, religiously-affiliated schools would not become wrapped up in religious uses simply because they were presented to a religious school. As such, there was no violation of the First Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment in which he argued that the three-part test the Court established in \u003Cem\u003ELemon v. Kurtzman\u003C\/em\u003E\u00a0was unnecessary to determine whether a statute violates the First Amendment. As long as there was a secular legislative purpose and the primary effect of the statute was not to advance or inhibit religion, there was no need to examine whether the statute would lead to an excessive entanglement of the state with religion. In this case, everyone agreed that the purpose of the legislation was secular and that the primary effect was not to promote religion, so the statute was constitutional. Justice William H. Rehnquist joined in the concurrence in the judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissent, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote that, because the funds were not \u201cear-marked\u201d at payment, they were essentially general subsidies of public funds to religious institutions, which was precisely the type of entanglement between religion and the state that the First Amendment was enacted the prevent. Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the dissent. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a separate dissent in which he argued that government funds provided to religious institutions could incentivize such institutions to alter their missions and therefore act as a deterrent to the goals of the religious institution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":25848,"name":"George A. 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