{"ID":51584,"name":"Hazelwood School District v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1976\/76-255","view_count":0,"docket_number":"76-255","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Hazelwood School District; C. O. McDonald, Superintendent; Robert Bischof, Robert Coleman, Dorothy Smith, Charles Sweeney, Donald Mattox and Milton Strauss, Members of the Board of Education of the Hazelwood School District","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[230965200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32387"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[236235600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32388"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[221724000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53677"}],"lower_court":{"ID":13,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/13"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. Attorney General sued Hazelwood School District, alleging a \u201cpattern or practice\u201d of discrimination against African Americans in hiring teachers. This violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The government provided statistical evidence of the number of African American teachers hired. The district court entered summary judgment for Hazelwood, finding that the government\u2019s evidence did not establish a pattern or practice of discrimination. The court compared the number of African American teachers hired to the number of African American students in the school district. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that the proper statistical comparison is between the number of African American teachers on staff and the number of qualified African American individuals in the relevant labor market. The relevant labor market included St. Louis and the county where Hazelwood was located. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes congress have the authority to prohibit racial discrimination under Title VII absent proof that a governmental agency purposely discriminated on the basis of race?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECan a court rely on statistical evidence to find prima facie case of race discrimination?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, yes.  Justice Potter Stewart, writing for an 8-1 majority, vacated the Eighth Circuit judgment.  The Supreme Court held that the court of appeals used the correct statistical comparison, but erred in determining the relevant labor market.  The court of appeals also failed to consider that Hazelwood may have been able to rebut some of the statistics with evidence of its hiring practices post Title VII.  The Court remanded the case for further consideration of the relevant labor market.  Justice William J. Brennan concurred, stating that the case was properly remanded so the parties could address the statistical data with more care.  Justice Byron R. White also concurred, writing that the government should have produced evidence of the racial makeup of Hazelwood\u2019s applicant pool to compare with the racial makeup of those hired.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented, arguing that the government proved discrimination through statistical data, historical evidence, and evidence relating to specific acts.  The school district failed to rebut that proof.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":35240,"name":"Lawrence G. 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