{"ID":51675,"name":"Ward v. Illinois","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1976\/76-415","view_count":0,"docket_number":"76-415","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Wesley Ward ","second_party":"Illinois","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[230965200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32543"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[234680400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32544"}],"lower_court":{"ID":34,"name":"Supreme Court of Illinois","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/34"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1971, Wesley Ward was charged with selling two sadomasochistic publications at his store in violation of the Illinois obscenity statute. The statute defined material as obscene if its predominant appeal was \u201ca shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex or excretion\u201d and if it goes substantially beyond customary limits of candor in description or representation of such matters. Ward waived his right to a jury trial, and was found guilty based on the two publications and the testimony of the police officer who purchased them at the store. Ward was sentenced to one day in jail and a $200 fine. While Ward\u2019s appeal was pending, the U.S. Supreme Court decided \u003Cem\u003EMiller v. California\u003C\/em\u003E, which confirmed that obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment, but acknowledging that official regulation should only cover \u201cworks which depict or describe sexual conduct\u201d and such conduct must be specifically defined in the applicable law. The Illinois Appellate Court affirmed Ward\u2019s conviction. The Supreme Court of Illinois affirmed, holding that the publications were obscene and the Illinois statute was not unconstitutional.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the Illinois obscenity statute unconstitutionally vague and\/or overbroad?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Byron R. White, writing for a 5-4 majority, affirmed. The Supreme Court held that the Illinois statute was not unconstitutionally vague as applied to Ward because an earlier Illinois Supreme Court decision made it clear that the statute reached sadomasochistic materials. Sadomasochistic materials could be prohibited under a state obscenity statute, even though they were not in the examples of sexually explicit representations made in the \u003Cem\u003EMiller\u003C\/em\u003E decision, because those examples were not intended to be an exhaustive list. The Illinois statute was not overbroad because previous Illinois Supreme Court decisions provided guidelines in line with \u003Cem\u003EMiller\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr dissented, arguing that the Illinois statute was overbroad and unconstitutional on its face. Justice Potter Stewart joined in the dissent. Justice John Paul Stevens also dissented, writing that the majority opinion abandoned the specificity prong of the \u003Cem\u003EMiller\u003C\/em\u003E test. Justice Brennan, Justice Stewart and Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":29360,"name":"J. 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