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Carey, et al.","second_party":"Jarius Piphus, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[250236000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32650"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[259308000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32651"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[230191200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53555"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring school hours on January 23, 1974, the principal of the Chicago Vocational High School saw Jarius Piphus, then a freshman, standing on school property sharing an irregularly shaped cigarette with another student. The principal saw a pack of the cigarettes change hands and believed he smelled marijuana. When the principal approached, the students immediately discarded the cigarette. The students were suspended for the customary 20 days for violation of the school drug policy, despite their protests that they had not been smoking marijuana. A few days later, Piphus, his mother and sister, school officials, and representatives from a legal aid clinic met to discuss the suspension, not to determine whether or not Piphus had violated the school drug policy. Piphus and his mother sued the school official in federal district court for violating Piphus\u2019 Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. They sought declaratory and injunctive relief as well as $3000 in damages.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn September 11, 1973, Silas Brisco, a sixth grader at Clara Barton Elementary School in Chicago, received a 20-day suspension for wearing an earring to school in violation of school policy. The previous year, the school principal had enacted a policy banning earrings, as he believed they were associated with gang affiliation. When asked to remove the earring, Brisco refused and stated it was a symbol of black pride. Brisco and his mother sued the school officials in federal district court for violating Brisco\u2019s right to due process. They sought declaratory and injunctive relief and $5000 in damages.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe two cases were consolidated for trial and the district court held that their suspensions violated the Fourteenth Amendment and that the schools were not entitled to immunity, but the court did not award damages. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed and remanded for the district court to reconsider questions of relief and damages. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIn cases dealing with the denial of due process, must a plaintiff prove that he was actually injured by the deprivation in order to recover substantial nonpunitive damages?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Lewis F. Powell delivered the opinion of the 8-0 majority. The Court held that the purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 is to compensate people for injuries caused by the deprivation of civil rights, which means that compensation cannot occur without proof of injury. However, the definition of injury must be adapted to fit the civil rights in question. The Court held that due process could cause distress even when conducted properly, so there must be evidence of an actual injury to justify compensation. The Court also held that proof of actual injury was not required to award nominal damages not to exceed one dollar.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall concurred in the result.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harry A. Blackmun did not participate in the discussion or decision of this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":22400,"name":"Earl B. 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