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Bellotti, Attorney General of Massachusetts","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[247903200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32613"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[262418400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32614"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[230191200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53568"}],"lower_court":{"ID":42,"name":"Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/42"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe National Bank of Boston, along with two other national banks and three corporations, wished to spend money to publicize their opposition to a ballot initiative that would permit Massachusetts to implement a graduated income tax. The Attorney General of Massachusetts informed the organizations that he intended to enforce a state statute that prohibited such organizations from making contributions to influence the outcome of a vote that does not materially affect their assets and holdings. The organizations sued and argued that the statute violated their First Amendment rights. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts upheld the constitutionality of the statute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the First Amendment protect the rights of corporations to attempt to influence the outcome of elections in which they have no direct monetary interest?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Lewis F. Powell delivered the opinion of the 5-4 majority. The Court held that the right to attempt to influence the outcomes of elections is one of the primary rights the First Amendment was meant to protect. If this form of speech came from a person rather than a corporation, there would be no question about whether it was protected speech. The Court also held that its previous decisions regarding the First Amendment rights of corporations emphasized the role that such speech played in creating public discussion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger wrote that the Massachusetts risked stifling the speech of organizations who use the corporate form to ensure mass communication with the public. He also argued that the statute could easily interfere with the First Amendment protection of the freedom of speech, since many newspapers and other news sources are part of large media conglomerations.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote a dissenting opinion and argued that the majority\u2019s opinion vastly underestimates the importance of state regulation of competing First Amendment interests, especially given the disproportionate economic power of corporations.  Since corporations are funded by the money of investors, Justice White argued that it was the state\u2019s duty to ensure that shareholder money was being used for its primary purpose: to make money, not pursue unrelated political objectives. The statute ensured that shareholders\u2019 money is not funding political initiatives they would not individually support. He pointed out that the statute did not prevent the individuals who make up the corporations from communicating their views to the public on an individual basis.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissenting opinion, Justice William H. Rehnquist argued that corporations are, and had always been, considered artificial persons under the law, and therefore not granted the rights of natural persons. Since the right of political expression is not necessary for a corporation to function economically and could be detrimental to the overall political sphere, he argued that the statute was justified.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cp \/\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23943,"name":"Francis H. Fox","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/francis_h_fox","view_count":0,"last_name":"Fox","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"francis_h_fox"},"advocate_description":"for appellants","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/10721"},{"advocate":{"ID":42921,"name":"Thomas R. 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