{"ID":51800,"name":"McDaniel v. Paty","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1977\/76-1427","view_count":0,"docket_number":"76-1427","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Paul A. McDaniel","second_party":"Selma Cash Paty, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[250149600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32765"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[261813600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32766"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[235630800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53625"}],"lower_court":{"ID":64,"name":"Tennessee Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/64"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESince its first state Constitution in 1796, Tennessee has had a statute that prohibited ministers from serving as legislators. In 1977, Paul A. McDaniel, a Baptist minister, filed as a candidate for the state constitutional convention. Another candidate, Selma Cash Paty, sued for a declaratory judgment that McDaniel was disqualified. The Chancery Court held that the statute was unconstitutional because it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. McDaniel\u2019s name remained on the ballot and he was elected. After the election, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the Chancery Court and held that the statute did not restrict any expression of religious belief. The court held that the state interest in maintaining the separation of church and state was sufficient to justify the restrictions of the statute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Tennessee statute barring \u201cMinister[s] of the Gospel or priest[s] of any denomination whatever\u201d from serving as legislators violate the free exercise of religion guaranteed through the First and Fourteenth Amendments?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court. The Court held that the statute made the ability to exercise civil rights conditional on the surrender of religious rights and therefore violated the First Amendment protection of the free exercise of religion as applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the Court hesitated to strike down a statute that had such a long and vital national history, Tennessee could not prove that clergy participation was dangerous to the modern political processes. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr. concurred in the judgment. He argued that the Tennessee statute essentially established a test of religious conviction in order to be eligible for office that disqualified anyone with a strong enough belief to join the clergy. Government imposition of the burden to choose between one\u2019s religious beliefs and the desire to seek office is an unconstitutional restriction on the free exercise of religion. He argued that the Establishment Clause does not give the government the power to discriminate against religious persons seeking or holding office. Justice Marshall joined in the opinion concurring in judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice Potter Stewart separately concurred in the judgment, and wrote that this case was covered by the ruling in \u003Ci\u003ETorcaso v. Watkins\u003C\/i\u003E, where the Court held that states may not condition public office on any type of religious belief.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment. He argued that, rather than violating the First Amendment protection of the free exercise of religion, the statute violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since the statute is specific to ministers, it implies that ministers are less able to keep outside interests from interfering with their governmental service than anyone else. Tennessee was not able to prove the necessity of this restriction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harry A. Blackmun did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":24238,"name":"Frederic S. Leclercq","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/frederic_s_leclercq","view_count":0,"last_name":"Leclercq","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"frederic_s_leclercq"},"advocate_description":"for appellant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/10885"},{"advocate":{"ID":33862,"name":"Kenneth R. 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