{"ID":51754,"name":"Michigan v. Tyler","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1977\/76-1608","view_count":0,"docket_number":"76-1608","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Michigan","second_party":"Loren Tyler and Robert Tompkins","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[253260000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32683"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[265438800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32684"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[244702800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53626"}],"lower_court":{"ID":43,"name":"Michigan Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/43"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn January 21, 1970, Tyler\u2019s Auction, a furniture store in Oakland County, Michigan, caught fire shortly before midnight. The building was leased to Loren Tyler, who ran the business with Robert Tompkins. When Fire Chief See arrived on the scene, he was informed that two plastic containers of flammable liquid were found in the building. After determining that arson possibly caused the fire, See called Police Detective Webb. Webb arrived and took pictures, but the smoke and steam forced him to postpone his investigation. Around 4 a.m., the fire was extinguished and the personnel left the premises. The containers were turned over to Webb. Webb did not have a warrant for any of the entries into the building or the removal of the containers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next morning, See returned to the scene with Assistant Chief Somerville, whose job was to determine the \u201corigin of all fires that occur in the Township.\u201d They conducted a cursory examination and left. An hour later, Somerville returned with Webb, and the two discovered evidence of arson. The men did not have warrants for these entrances or seizures of evidence. Over the course of multiple visits beginning on February 16, Sergeant Hoffman of the Michigan State Police Arson Section conducted an investigation and secured further evidence of arson that played an important role in the trial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt trial, the respondents objected to the introduction of this evidence, but the judge admitted it, and they were convicted. The Court of Appeals of the State of Michigan held that the constitutional protections against illegal searches and seizures did not pertain to arson investigations of burned premises and affirmed the conviction. The Supreme Court of Michigan held that the illegal searches and seizures had violated the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The court reversed the convictions and ordered a new trial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Fourth Amendment protection against illegal searches and seizures extend to investigations of burned premises for evidence of arson?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice Potter Stewart delivered the opinion of the 7-1 majority. The Court held that any search for administrative purposes, such as to find evidence of a crime, requires a warrant.  There are circumstances that require law enforcement agents to act without a warrant, such as when firemen enter a burning building. Once in the building for that purpose, the firemen may seize evidence of arson that is in plain view without obtaining a warrant. The Court also held that determining the cause of the fire is part of a fireman\u2019s job, so firemen may remain in a building without a warrant after a fire has been extinguished for \u201ca reasonable amount of time\u201d to investigate. The Court held that the initial entry and the investigation on the following morning were constitutional, but the subsequent entries and seizures of evidence were not.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens wrote an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. He agreed with the Court\u2019s finding that the entries of February 16 and beyond were illegal searches, but disagreed with the Court on the meaning of the Warrant Clause. He argued that a warrant is necessary when there is probable cause and the search must be unannounced to be effective. If there is no reason for such a confrontation, the Warrant Clause requires that the property owner be given fair warning of the search.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Justice Byron R. White wrote that the Court applied the \u201creasonable amount of time\u201d criterion too broadly in this case. He argued that there was no reason to consider the reentry of the premises the following morning a continuation of the original warrantless entry. Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William H. Rehnquist wrote a dissenting opinion where he argued that reasonable searches of commercial premises do not require a warrant. The record showed that Tyler did not object to the searches as they were occurring, and therefore obviously considered them reasonable. Since Tyler no longer used the building after the fire, providing him fair notice would not have served a purpose either. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr. did not participate in the consideration or decision of the case. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":29315,"name":"Jeffrey Butler","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jeffrey_butler","view_count":0,"last_name":"Butler","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jeffrey_butler"},"advocate_description":"for petitioner, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/10797"},{"advocate":{"ID":28994,"name":"Jesse R. 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