{"ID":51873,"name":"City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1977\/76-1810","view_count":0,"docket_number":"76-1810","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, et al.","second_party":"Marie Manhart, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[253951200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32895"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[262332000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/32896"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[244702800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53585"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EA class of female employees of the City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power sued the department because they were forced to make larger contributions to the employee pension plan than their male colleagues. The department determined that, because women live longer than men, the women cost the company more in retirement benefits than the men and so must pay more into the plan. Since the employee contribution was taken directly out of the employee\u2019s paycheck, the female employees brought home less than the men.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe women sued the company for violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought an injunction against future payments as well as restitution for the past contributions. While this action was pending in district court, the California legislature passed a law prohibiting companies from forcing women to contribute to the retirement fund more than men. The department changed its payment plan effective January 1, 1975. The district court, however, found that the original plan violated the Civil Rights Act and ordered a refund for the excess payment. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes a policy that requires women to make larger contributions to a company\u2019s pension plan than men because women tend to live longer violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIs the company liable for the amount of the excess payment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, no. Justice John Paul Stevens delivered the opinion of the 6-2 majority. The Court held that the company\u2019s policy was based on aggregate numbers that are not necessarily true for individuals, which violates the Civil Rights Act prohibition of individual discrimination based purely on gender. Although the department argued that that the policy was based on longevity rather than gender, the Court held that many different factors influence longevity and the payment differential was solely gender-based. The Court held that the department was not liable for back pay because the potential that such a holding would influence other companies to change their policies did not offset the potential negative impact on the economy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E In his opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote that the decision of the majority departed from the precedents set by \u003Ci\u003EGeduldig v. Aiello\u003C\/i\u003E and \u003Ci\u003EGeneral Electric Co. v. Gilbert\u003C\/i\u003E without sufficient reasoning. He concurred in the part of the majority\u2019s decision that held the department not liable for back pay. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Warren E. Burger concurred in part and dissented in part. He argued that Congress did not intend the Civil Rights Act to impede a business\u2019 ability to create policies based on statistically sound longevity data. Since any individual woman is statistically likely to live longer than any individual man, the policy did not discriminate against individuals solely on the basis of sex but rather based on the likelihood of longevity. He concurred in the majority\u2019s decision that held the department not liable for back pay. Justice William H. Rehnquist joined the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall concurred in part and dissented in part. He concurred in the majority\u2019s decision that held that the department\u2019s policy violated the Civil Rights Act, but he argued that the department should be held liable for back pay. The district court held the department liable, and the majority\u2019s decision did not find any flaws in the district court\u2019s reasoning. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr. did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":21318,"name":"David J. 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