{"ID":52008,"name":"Jones v. Wolf","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1978\/78-91","view_count":0,"docket_number":"78-91","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"R. W. Jones, Sr., et al.","second_party":"Charles T. Wolf et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[285314400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33135"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[299739600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33136"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[276843600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53687"}],"lower_court":{"ID":31,"name":"Supreme Court of Georgia","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/31"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EVineville Presbyterian Church was organized in 1904 and first incorporated in 1939. Its property was purchased using funds contributed entirely by local church members. The year it was organized, Vineville was established as a member of the Augusta-Macon Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (\u201cPCUS\u201d). Under the PCUS\u2019s hierarchical structure, the actions of the government of a local church were subject to the review and control of the higher church courts: the Presbytery, Synod, and General Assembly. The powers and duties of each court were set forth in the constitution of the PCUS, the Book of Church Order. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn May 27, 1973, 164 members of Vineville\u2019s congregation voted to separate from the PCUS and join the Presbyterian Church in America; ninety-four members opposed the resolution. The Augusta-Macon Presbytery appointed a commission to investigate and resolve the dispute. This commission eventually ruled that the minority faction at Vineville was the true congregation of Vineville, withdrawing all authority from the majority faction, which took no part in the commission\u2019s inquiry.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe minority faction brought a class action in state court, seeking declaratory and injunctive orders establishing their right to exclusive possession and use of Vineville\u2019s property. The trial court, relying on Georgia\u2019s \u201cneutral principles of law\u201d approach to church property disputes, found for the majority faction. The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed the ruling, holding that the trial court correctly applied Georgia law and rejecting the minority faction\u2019s claims under the First and Fourteenth Amendments.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the First Amendment require the district court to defer to the Augusta-Macon Presbytery commission\u2019s ruling that a minority faction constituted the \u201ctrue congregation\u201d of Vineville Presbyterian Church?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a 5-4 decision written by Justice Harry Blackmun, the Court held that the First Amendment did not require Georgia state courts to defer to the Augusta-Macon Presbytery commission\u2019s ruling in the Vineville church property dispute. Justice Blackman examined the history of Georgia\u2019s approach to church property litigation. Georgia eventually arrived at a \u201cneutral principles of law\u201d method for resolving church property disputes. As applied to the PCUS, this required examining the deeds to the properties in question, state statutes dealing with implied trusts, and the Book of Church Order. The trial court would then determine whether there was a basis for a trust in favor of the general church.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere, the trial court did not discover any language in the Book of Church Order implying a trust in favor of the general church. While acknowledging that the First Amendment severely limits the role civil courts play in resolving property disputes, Justice Blackmun held that Georgia\u2019s approach was constitutional. The neutral principles of law approach required courts to use objective, well-established concepts of trust and property law, leaving courts free from entanglement in religious doctrinal questions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Georgia\u2019s approach was constitutional on its face, Justice Blackmun could not determine from the facts whether Georgia courts applied the method constitutionally. While the respondent argued that Georgia applied a presumptive rule of majority representation -- as opposed to a rule of deference to church governments -- neither the Supreme Court of Georgia nor the trial court explicitly stated that it was using this rule. Consequently, Justice Blackmun remanded the case so that the Supreme Court of Georgia could definitively determine whether this rule was the law of Georgia.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Louis Powell dissented, joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justices Potter Stewart and Byron White. He characterized the dispute not as one over the ownership of property but rather over which faction in Vineville\u2019s congregation has the right to control the use of that property. Justice Powell argued that disputes over church property almost invariably arise out of disagreements regarding doctrine and practice. Consequently, state courts should defer to decisions made within the structure of church governments in any case involving an intrachurch dispute, even when the dispute is over church property.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":22982,"name":"E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/e_barrett_prettyman_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Prettyman,","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"e_barrett_prettyman_jr"},"advocate_description":"for petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/11303"},{"advocate":{"ID":24157,"name":"Frank C. 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