{"ID":52185,"name":"American Export Lines, Inc. v. Alvez","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1979\/79-1","view_count":0,"docket_number":"79-1","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"American Export Lines, Inc.","second_party":"Gilberto Alvez, Joseph Vinal Ship Maintenance, Inc.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[320392800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33451"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[326955600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33452"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[310024800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53679"}],"lower_court":{"ID":53,"name":"New York Court of Appeals","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/53"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EGilberto Alvez was a seaman on vacation from his regular trade. He was moonlighting for Joseph Vinal Ship Maintenance, Inc. as a harbor worker on the SS \u003Ci\u003EExport Builder\u003C\/i\u003E, a vessel owned by American Export Lines, Inc (\u201cAELI\u201d). On October 13, 1972, while the SS \u003Ci\u003EExport Builder\u003C\/i\u003E was in New York waters, the handle of a defective tension jack struck Alvez in the eye. He completely lost his right eye in the accident. He also suffered from depression as a result of the accident and his injuries.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlvez sued AELI in New York, claiming damages resulting from AELI\u2019s negligence and the unseaworthiness of their ship. Alvez then moved to add his wife, Juanita Alvez, as a party plaintiff, claiming that his injuries deprived her of the benefits of their marriage.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (\u201cJones Act\u201d) created several classes of sea workers, allowing a wider breadth of causes of action for those injured within the United States\u2019 territorial waters. It did not, however, specifically provide a cause of action for loss of consortium for spouses. Similarly, the Death on the High Seas Act of 1920 (\u201cDOHSA\u201d) did not create a specific right to a cause of action for loss of consortium. The district court denied the claim for loss of consortium. The appellate court reversed, noting that while such motions were not available in some maritime law cases, the Supreme Court in \u003Ci\u003ESea-Land Servs. v. Gaudet\u003C\/i\u003E allowed a decedent\u2019s dependents to recover for loss of society in a wrongful death maritime law claim. Thus, there is no clear precedent prohibiting claims of loss of consortium from nonfatal injuries.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENew York\u2019s Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the appellate court. It rejected AELI\u2019s use of \u003Ci\u003EIgneri v. Cie. De Transports Oceaniques\u003C\/i\u003E, a U.S. Court of Appeals Second Circuit decision holding that the spouse of an injured longshoreman had no cause of action for loss of consortium. It noted that most states now allowed a spouse to state a cause of action for loss of consortium. It also reasoned that the heavy burden now placed on Juanita Alvez as a marriage partner justified allowing her to sue for damages.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay Alvez\u2019s wife sue American Export Lines, Inc. for loss of consortium, as a result of AELI\u2019s negligence and the unseaworthiness of the USS \u003Ci\u003EExport Builder\u003C\/i\u003E, under federal maritime law?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 6-3 decision with two concurrences, Justice William Brennan held that maritime law authorizes Juanita Alvez to maintain an action for damages against AELI resulting from the loss of her husband\u2019s society. He rejected AELI\u2019s argument that the Jones Act and DOHSA represented Congress\u2019 intention to preclude actions for loss of consortium or society. He noted that DOHSA centered on relief for fatal injuries on the high seas, not nonfatal injuries within terrestrial waters, and that the Jones Act does not exhaustively regulate the claims of longshoremen or seamen. Justice Brennan agreed with the lower courts that the Court\u2019s recent maritime law decisions eroded the justification for denying claims used in \u003Ci\u003EIgneri\u003C\/i\u003E. He also pointed to the contemporary state of the law, where a clear majority of states permitted a wife to recover damages for loss of consortium from personal injuries to her husband.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Lewis Powell concurred, writing that there was no rational basis for drawing a distinction between fatal and nonfatal injuries in loss of consortium cases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall, joined by Justices Potter Stewart and William Rehnquist, dissented. He questioned the majority\u2019s assumption that the federal question at hand would necessarily survive AELI\u2019s appeals in state court. He warned against the practice of granting review to non-final lower court orders, and recommended denying certiorari to such cases in the future.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":41150,"name":"Stephen K. 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