{"ID":52308,"name":"Michigan v. Summers","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1980\/79-1794","view_count":0,"docket_number":"79-1794","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Michigan","second_party":"Summers","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[351928800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33680"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[362034000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33681"}],"lower_court":{"ID":43,"name":"Michigan Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/43"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Fourth Amendment prohibits the unreasonable seizure of a person by the government, and the Fourteenth Amendment applies that prohibition to the states. On October 10, 1974, George Summers was leaving his house in Detroit, Michigan, as local police officers arrived with a warrant to search the property for narcotics. The officers requested that Summers help them gain entry to the house, and they detained him while they searched the premises. After finding two packages of heroin in the basement, the officers arrested Summers and searched his person. In his coat pocket, they found an envelope containing heroin, and it was this discovery of heroin\u23afnot the heroin found in the basement\u23afthat formed the basis of charges against Summers. At trial, Summers argued that the search of his person was illegal because the officers had no authority to detain him during their search of the house. The trial judge agreed and granted Summers\u2019 motion to suppress the heroin evidence. On appeal, the State argued that Summers\u2019 detention was reasonable, given his close proximity to the house when the officers arrived to perform the search. The State also contended that the concealable nature of the narcotics described in the warrant implicitly authorized the search of people found on the property. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court\u2019s order. The State appealed to the Supreme Court of Michigan, which affirmed the ruling of the lower court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the officers have the authority under the Fourth Amendment to detain Summers while they executed a warrant to search his house for heroin and other contraband?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice John Paul Stevens delivered the opinion of the 6-3 majority. The Court held that a warrant to search for contraband grants police officers the limited authority to detain occupants of a house during the search of the premises. This authority is an exception to the probable cause standard to determine the reasonableness of Fourth Amendment seizures. The law enforcement interests in preventing the flight of occupants of the property named in the search warrant, reducing the risk of harm to officers, and otherwise facilitating the search convinced the Court that the detention of people on the property in question was reasonable. Similarly, the Court held that the exception to the probable cause standard applied to Summers\u2019 detention because it was less intrusive than an arrest and unlikely to be abused by police officers. Finally, the connection between an occupant and the home named in the search warrant gave the officers an easily identifiable and certain basis on which to detain Summers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Potter Stewart wrote a dissenting opinion in which he criticized the Court for expanding the scope of the exception to the probable cause standard for Fourth Amendment seizures. 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