{"ID":52347,"name":"Robbins v. California","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1980\/80-148","view_count":0,"docket_number":"80-148","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Jeffrey Richard Robbins","second_party":"California","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[357195600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33746"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[362811600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33747"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring the early morning hours of January 5, 1975, California Highway Patrol officers pulled over a the driver of a station wagon, Jeffrey Richard Robbins, for driving too slowly at speeds far below the minimum speed limit and drifting across the center lane. Upon smelling marijuana smoke as they approached the car, officers searched the passenger compartment, where they found marijuana. The officers then opened a recessed luggage compartment in the trunk and unwrapped two tightly sealed packages that each contained a pound of marijuana. Robbins was charged with several drug offenses. At trial, he argued that the evidence of the drugs was the product of an illegal search and filed a motion to suppress the evidence. The judge denied the motion, and a jury convicted Robbins. Robbins appealed, but the California Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and remanded the case for the appellate court to consider in light of the Supreme Court\u2019s ruling in \u0026lt;i\u0026gt;Arkansas v. Sanders\u0026lt;\/i\u0026gt;, which established that officers could not search closed luggage found during a lawful automobile search. The California Court of Appeal affirmed Robbins conviction a second time on that grounds that Robbins did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy because the package\u2019s contents could be inferred given the shape, size, and wrapping of the exterior.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay police officers search closed containers found during a lawful, warrantless search of an automobile?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Potter Stewart delivered the opinion of the 6-3 plurality. The plurality opinion held that the automobile exception to the warrant requirement under the Fourth Amendment did not extend to closed and opaque containers found during the search. According to the plurality of the Court, the record in the case did not support the appellate court\u2019s finding that Robbins did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Warren E. Burger concurred in the judgment of the Court. In an opinion concurring in the judgment, Justice Lewis F. Powell wrote that the careful manner in which the packages containing the marijuana were wrapped and sealed demonstrated Robbins\u2019s intention to keep their contents private. However, he argued that the plurality opinion imposed too heavy a burden on police officers by requiring them to obtain a warrant to search every closed container found during a lawful, warrantless search of an automobile.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harry A. Blackmun wrote a dissent in which he argued that the automobile exception to the warrant requirement should authorize police officers to seize and search any personal containers found within the vehicle. Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote a separate dissent in which he agreed with Justice Blackmun\u2019s proposed rule. He also expressed opposition to the practice of excluding evidence obtained through impermissible means, especially with the Court\u2019s extension of exclusionary rule to state law enforcement agencies in Mapp v. Ohio.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe argued that the harshness of the rule created an unfair advantage for the suspects because it required police officers to not only understand the nuanced case law surrounding the Fourth Amendment, but also to make the correct decision instantly. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a separate dissent in which he argued that the scope a lawful, warrantless search should include any container that a magistrate could authorize by warrant. As the police officers searched the car for evidence of contraband, the fact that the packages were tightly wrapped and sealed was of little consequence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36133,"name":"Marshall Warren Krause","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/marshall_w_krause","view_count":0,"last_name":"Krause","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"marshall_w_krause"},"advocate_description":"for petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/12019"},{"advocate":{"ID":40076,"name":"Ronald E. Niver","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/ronald_e_niver","view_count":0,"last_name":"Niver","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"ronald_e_niver"},"advocate_description":"for respondents","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/12020"},{"advocate":{"ID":15933,"name":"Mr. Andrew L. 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