{"ID":52370,"name":"CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1980\/80-207","view_count":0,"docket_number":"80-207","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"CBS, Inc.","second_party":"Federal Communications Commission","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[352447200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33788"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[362811600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33789"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[342079200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53706"}],"lower_court":{"ID":16,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/16"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn October 11, 1979, the Carter-Mondale Presidential Committee (CMPC) requested time for a thirty-minute program from each of the three major television networks on behalf of President Jimmy Carter. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS) refused to make the requested time available, emphasizing in part the potential disruption of regular programming. CBS offered to sell the CMPC two five-minute segments instead. The American Broadcasting Companies (ABC) and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) each replied that it had not yet begun to sell political time for the 1980 presidential campaign. On October 29, 1979, the CMPC filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), charging that the networks violated their obligations under the Federal Communications Act.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Federal Communications Act of 1934, as modified by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, authorized the FCC to revoke broadcasting station licenses for willful or repeated failure to allow reasonable access or failure to permit the purchase of reasonable amounts of time for the use of a broadcasting station by a legally qualified candidate for federal elective office. On November 26, 1979, the FCC ruled in a four-to-three vote that the networks violated the act, rejecting the networks\u2019 arguments that Congress did not intend the act to create a new right of access to the broadcast media and that the FCC improperly substituted its judgment for the networks\u2019 in evaluating the CMPC\u2019s request for time. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFollowing the seizure of American embassy personnel in Iran in November 1979, the CMPC decided to postpone the broadcast of its thirty-minute program; it successfully purchased five minutes of time from CBS, and later purchased thirty minutes of time for the full program from ABC and NBC. Throughout these negotiations, however, all parties maintained their rights relating to the appeal to the FCC\u2019s decision. The United States Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit, affirmed the FCC\u2019s decision. It held that the act created a new, affirmative right of access to broadcast media for candidates for federal office and that the FCC had the authority to evaluate whether a campaign has begun for purposes of the statute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Did the Federal Communications Act create a new, individual right of broadcast access for the Carter-Mondale Presidential Committee, as the representatives of a candidate for federal office?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Did the act authorize the Federal Communications Commission to determine the beginning of the 1980 presidential campaign for purposes of the act and to assess the specific broadcast needs of the CMPC?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. Did CBS have the right to decline to sell thirty minutes of broadcast time to the CMPC under the First Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, yes, and no. In a 6-3 decision written by Chief Justice Warren Burger, the Court held that the Federal Communications Act created a new, individual right to broadcast access for candidates for federal office. He looked to the language of the Federal Communications Act\u2019s requirement that a broadcaster provide candidates with reasonable access to the airwaves. Justice Burger noted that this section focused on an individual candidate seeking airtime for his\/her candidacy, and that a different section of the act already imposed a general, public interest duty on broadcasters to provide time for political programming. Justice Burger looked to the legislative history of the act and the FCC\u2019s past interpretations of the public interest right of access; both indicated that the right of access for federal candidates was a new, separate right.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETurning to the FCC\u2019s decision on the CMPC\u2019s right of access to the airwaves, Chief Justice Burger held that the act authorized the FCC to determine whether a campaign has begun and to assess the specific needs of a candidate. He argued that the FCC did not arbitrarily set the starting date for a campaign; instead, it looked to objective evidence, taking into account the interests of candidates and the networks. Looking to the circumstances of the 1980 presidential election, Chief Justice Burger determined that the FCC did not abuse its discretion in holding that the networks failed to specifically grant the CMPC reasonable access to the airwaves. He noted that when the CMPC made its original request, ten candidates were formally seeking the Republican nomination and that various states had already started the delegate selection process, among other factors.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, Chief Justice Burger held that the First Amendment did not give CBS, Inc. the right to refuse to sell the CMPC thirty minutes of airtime. He argued that Congress intended for the act to protect the First Amendment rights of candidates and voters by securing a forum for candidates\u2019 political speech. Justice Burger emphasized that while the act did not grant the CMPC a general constitutional right of access to broadcast media, the act created a limited right of reasonable access to broadcast media for candidates for federal office.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron White dissented, joined by Justices William Rehnquist and John Paul Stevens. Justice White looked to the history of federal regulation of broadcast media, inferring a clearly-defined legislative desire to preserve values of private journalism. He then turned to the legislative history of the act and determined that Congress merely codified the networks\u2019 pre-existing duty to provide access to political broadcasts, attaching the threat of license revocation to give weight to that duty. He argued that the FCC arbitrarily determined that the start of a campaign was the beginning of the networks\u2019 obligations under the act, and that the language of the act itself did not support FCC\u2019s individualized-need approach. Further, this approach essentially destroyed the networks\u2019 editorial discretion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens also filed a separate dissent. He argued that the FCC could not adequately evaluate the performance of the networks\u2019 public interest duty by focusing on the needs or requests of particular candidates.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":42002,"name":"Stephen M. 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