{"ID":52399,"name":"Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1981\/80-1990","view_count":0,"docket_number":"80-1990","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense","second_party":"Carlos Romero-Barcelo, Radamees Tirado Guevara, Environmental Quality Board","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[383292000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33841"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[388731600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/33842"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[371106000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53828"}],"lower_court":{"ID":6,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/6"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe island of Vieques lay six miles off the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico. Vieques\u2019 population of 8,000 mostly lived in two coastal towns and in a rural area outside of those two towns. Of a total area of approximately 33,000 acres, the United States Navy owned 25,231.72 acres, slightly more than 76% of the island.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Navy\u2019s installations on the eastern part of Vieques were part of a large military complex known as the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility, headquartered at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. This consisted of four firing ranges; the outer range was a large area of ocean thirty-five miles to the north and twenty miles to the south of Vieques. Two separate inland areas were used for artillery training, strafing, air-to-ground bombing, and simulating close air support; no targets existed in the area between the eastern border of these areas and Punta Este, the easternmost point of Vieques. During air-to-ground training, however, pilots sometimes accidentally discharged ordnance into the navigable waters around Viques.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECarlos Romero-Barceleo was the governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Along with Radamees Tirado Guevara, the mayor of Vieques, and Puerto Rico\u2019s Environmental Quality Board, Romero-Barceleo sought to enjoin the United States Navy from using any part of its lands in Vieques, or in its surrounding waters, to carry out naval training operations. Plaintiffs alleged harm to all residents of Vieques and violations of numerous environmental laws, including the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). Under the FWPCA, the addition of any pollutant from any point source into the navigable waters of the United States required a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit from the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe district court acknowledged that the release of ordnance into navigable waters was a discharge of pollutants, but it refused to enjoin Navy operations, instead ordering the Navy to apply for an NPDES permit. The United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit, reversed. It ordered the Navy to cease operations until it obtained an NPDES permit. It held that the Navy has an absolute statutory obligation to stop any discharges of pollutants until it obtains a permit despite the importance of its operations to the public good.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Federal Water Pollution Control Act require the district court to issue an injunction prohibiting the United States Navy from discharging ordnance into the water surrounding Vieques Island?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Byron White, writing for the Court in an 8-1 decision, held that the district court was not obligated to enjoin the Navy from operating on and around Vieques island. He emphasized the traditional flexibility of equitable remedies and courts\u2019 responsibility to balance plaintiffs\u2019 need for an injunction with the public utility of the enjoined action. He acknowledged that Congress may control the exercise of courts\u2019 discretion by statute, but distinguished the case from \u003Ci\u003ETVA v. Hill\u003C\/i\u003E, where the Court held that the completion of a dam would violate explicit provisions of the Endangered Species Act. Here, an injunction is not the only means of ensuring compliance, as the FWPCA provides remedies in the form of fines and criminal penalties.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice White also looked to the legislative history of the FWPCA, determining that Congress did not intend to take away courts\u2019 discretion in issuing injunctions. He also noted that the district court did not find that the Navy\u2019s operations negatively impacted Vieques\u2019 water quality; hence, requiring the Navy to obtain a permit while continuing its operations would meet the FWPCA\u2019s goal of controlling water pollution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Lewis F. Powell concurred. He agreed that Congress did not intend to take away courts\u0027 discretion in ordering injunctions, but would have remanded the case to the First Circuit with instructions to affirm the district court\u2019s decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented. He also agreed that the FWPCA does not specifically command courts to issue an injunction for every unpermitted discharge of a pollutant, but he rejected the Court\u2019s characterization of the First Circuit\u2019s opinion. He argued instead that the First Circuit rightly gave weight to the FWPCA\u2019s permitting structure given the Navy\u2019s ongoing violation of the act.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23149,"name":"Elinor Hadley Stillman","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/elinor_h_stillman","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stillman","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"elinor_h_stillman"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/12125"},{"advocate":{"ID":30757,"name":"John A. 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