{"ID":52698,"name":"Barefoot v. Estelle","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1982\/82-6080","view_count":0,"docket_number":"82-6080","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Thomas A. Barefoot","second_party":"W.J. Estelle, Director, Texas Department of Corrections","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[420181200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34387"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[426315600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34388"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[412236000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53484"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn November 14, 1978, a Texas jury in Bell County found Thomas A. Barefoot guilty of the murder of a police officer. A separate sentencing hearing was held before the same jury to determine whether the death penalty should be imposed. The prosecution called two psychiatrists to the stand who testified that Barefoot was likely to commit further acts of violence and would remain a danger to society. The jury sentenced Barefoot to death. Barefoot appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and argued that the use of the psychiatrists to testify as to future conduct was unconstitutional because psychiatric testimony cannot accurately predict future dangerousness and is likely to produce erroneous convictions. He also argued that this specific testimony was unconstitutional, as neither psychiatrist had personally examined Barefoot. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the conviction and sentence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBarefoot\u2019s execution was scheduled for September 7, 1980. A stay of execution was granted by the Supreme Court pending the filing and disposition of a petition of certiorari. The petition was denied, and Barefoot\u2019s execution was rescheduled for October 1981. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied Barefoot\u2019s application for habeas corpus, and he filed a petition for habeas corpus in district court. The district court granted a stay of execution pending action on the petition, and later denied the petition and vacated the stay of execution. The district court also issued a certificate of probable cause that would allow Barefoot to continue the appeals process. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals again denied Barefoot\u2019s petition for habeas corpus and motion for a stay of execution. Barefoot appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth District for a stay of execution, pending the consideration of his appeal of the denial of his petition for habeas corpus, and the Court of Appeals denied the motion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Did the district court err in rejecting the habeas corpus petition on the merits?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Did the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit correctly deny a stay of execution of the death penalty pending appeal of the district court\u2019s judgment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, yes. Justice Byron R. White delivered the opinion of the 6-3 majority. The Supreme Court held that, in denying the stay of execution, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit necessarily examined the decision of the district court on the merits of the case. Although the Court of Appeals may not formally affirm the judgment of the lower court, the denial of the stay of execution serves the same purpose. The Court also held that the psychiatrists\u2019 testimony did not violate the defendant\u2019s constitutional rights because the testimony falls under precedents that allow for predictions of future behavior to be considered relevant evidence in sentencing hearings. The reliability of such evidence should be weighed according to the rules of evidence by the fact-finder. The Court also held that the testimony of expert witnesses need not rely on personal examination and can be in the form of responses to hypothetical questions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice John Paul Stevens wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment in which he argued that the Court of Appeals made procedural errors, but that the Supreme Court reviewed the case on the merits, and he concurred with the majority\u2019s opinion as to the merits of the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall wrote a dissent in which he argued that a defendant must be afforded a hearing on the merits of his case when he petitions for a writ of habeas corpus unless the case can be dismissed as frivolous. Because a hearing on the merits can often be time-consuming, the Court of Appeals should have granted a stay of execution to allow enough time to properly consider the case. He also argued that death penalty jurisprudence placed an added emphasis on the importance of careful consideration, and the majority opinion\u2019s suggestion of a summary approach goes against those precedents. He also cited his opinion that the death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. joined in the dissent. In his separate dissent, Justice Harry A. Blackmun argued that, while the possibly specious testimony of psychiatrists would be acceptable in a regular case, in a capital case a higher standard of reliability must be expected. Because unreliable scientific evidence is likely to prejudice the jury, it must be held to a stricter standard of accuracy than psychiatric testimony can be proven to meet. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. and Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20602,"name":"Douglas M. 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