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The package was an ordinary-looking cardboard box wrapped in brown paper. Inside, they found a tube that contained four plastic bags inside one another, and the innermost bag contained a white substance. They notified the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and replaced the contents of the box. When the DEA agents arrived, they removed a small amount of the white powder to conduct a field test that determined the powder was cocaine. The DEA agents obtained a warrant for the address on the package and searched the location, where they arrested Bradley Thomas Jacobsen and Donna Marie Jacobsen for possession of an illegal substance with intent to distribute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter they were indicted, the respondents filed a motion to suppress the evidence on the grounds that the warrant was the product of an illegal search. The motion was denied, and the defendants were tried and convicted in district court. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed the decision and held that the warrant was the product of the test of the powder, for which a warrant was required. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Fourth Amendment prohibit the warrantless testing of the suspicious powder?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice John Paul Stevens delivered the decision of the 7-2 majority. The Court held that the initial inspection by the DEA agent did not violate the Fourth Amendment because it remained within the scope of the previous search conducted by private agents. Once the agents gained enough information about the package to believe it contained contraband, the warrantless seizure of the package and its contents was not unreasonable. The Court also held that the test did not compromise any legitimate privacy interest. Either the test would be positive, which meant that the respondents had no legal right to posses the substance, or the test would be negative, which meant the agents knew nothing more about the powder than they knew after the visual examination. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice Byron R. White concurred in part and concurred in the judgment. He argued that the Court unnecessarily dwelled on the fact that the DEA agent\u2019s initial inspection of the contraband was allowed by the Fourth Amendment. Since the Court of Appeals agreed that the evidence was in plain view when the agents arrived, there was no reason for the Court to consider the issue. He also disagreed with the Court\u2019s analysis and argued that the government cannot duplicate a private search without a warrant. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote a dissent where he argued that the condition in which the DEA agents found the contents of the box was not clear enough to make a ruling. If the contents of the box were in plain view, the agents did not need a warrant, but if the contents were not, the agents required a warrant to replicate the private search. He also argued that the Court erred by not taking into account the context in which agents find an item as evidence of an expectation of privacy that the search violates. In this case, the packaging clearly indicated that the substance was illegal. Therefore the respondents had no expectation of privacy, and the search was legal.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36467,"name":"Mark W. Peterson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/mark_w_peterson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Peterson","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"mark_w_peterson"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Respondents","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/13103"},{"advocate":{"ID":21501,"name":"David A. 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