{"ID":52887,"name":"Schall v. Martin","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1983\/82-1248","view_count":0,"docket_number":"82-1248","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Ellen Schall, Commissioner of New York City Department of Juvenile Justice","second_party":"Gregory Martin, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[443167200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34744"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[455173200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34745"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[419493600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53646"}],"lower_court":{"ID":7,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/7"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1977, fourteen-year-old Gregory Martin was arrested for first-degree robbery, second-degree assault, and criminal possession of a weapon. While detained, Martin lied to the police about his address.  He was held overnight. At his initial appearance in court, the prosecution cited the gun, the lie about his address, and his evident lack of supervision as reasons why he should remain in detention until his fact-finding hearing. The court granted the detention under the New York Family Court Act (FCA). Fellow appellees Luis Rosario and Kenneth Morgan were also detained prior to their fact-finding hearings. Both were fourteen at the time, and had other delinquency petitions pending when they appeared before the court. While held in pretrial detention, Martin began a habeas corpus class action, which Rosario, Morgan, and 31 others joined, against the Commissioner of the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice. Martin argued that the pretrial detention amounted to punishment before a determination of guilt.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York found that the pretrial detention was a violation of habeas corpus. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the District Court\u2019s decision and determined that the FCA was unconstitutional because it allowed detention of juveniles to serve as a punishment before the trial occurred. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the pretrial detention of a juvenile delinquent a violation of the right to Due Process as guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment if there is a \u201cserious risk\u201d that the juvenile will \u201ccommit an act which if committed by an adult would constitute a crime\u201d?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice William H. Rehnquist, writing for a 6-3 majority, held that pretrial detention of juveniles does not violate the right of Due Process. The pretrial detention serves the legitimate purpose of protecting both the state and the juvenile from further crimes. Since the state has more responsibilities in the case of a juvenile than in the case of an adult, the pretrial detention not only protects society from potential crime, but it also protects the juvenile from the potential physical and psychological harm that can happen in the commission of a crime. The Court also found that the FCA put in place enough procedural safeguards that the juveniles are not denied Due Process. They are afforded notice, a hearing, and a statement of facts before any detention takes place, as well as an additional hearing to determine probable cause if the fact-finding hearing is not scheduled within three days.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented and wrote that the standard of \u201cserious risk\u201d was too vague and easily satisfied given the limited information in the possession of the judge or the juvenile\u2019s lawyer at the time of the initial hearing. Additionally, the conditions of juvenile detention centers are often such that the psychological harms of subjecting a juvenile who has not been found guilty to that environment far outweigh the abstract benefits to society. Given the near-impossibility of predicting whether or not a juvenile will commit a crime in the near future, Justice Marshall found that drastic measures such as pretrial detention could not be justified and represented a violation of Due Process. Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. and John Paul Stevens joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":35904,"name":"Martin Guggenheim","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/martin_guggenheim","view_count":0,"last_name":"Guggenheim","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"martin_guggenheim"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Appellees","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/13137"},{"advocate":{"ID":30409,"name":"Judith A. 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